Crafts in the kindergarten on the theme of folk craft. Developing lotto "folk crafts". Handmade jewelry: master class

Hello dear readers! Today I propose to get acquainted with the developing loto "Folk crafts"

The game "Folk crafts". Educational game for individual and group lessons with children from 4 years old.

Manufacturer: LLC "Developing games"

Purpose of the game. Acquaintance with the outside world - the study of folk crafts.

Game package : 12 sheets containing 7 bingo cards and 56 small handicraft cards.

Preparing for the game . Before starting the game, cut the sheets along the dotted lines.

How to play

The greatest developmental and educational effect of a didactic game is achieved with the participation of an adult - he explains the rules of the game, talks about possible options, monitors the progress of the game, directs the game if several children participate in it, or participates in the process as a player.

For classes to be successful, you must follow a few simple rules:

• choose a game in accordance with the age capabilities of the child - tasks that are too simple or too complex are equally uninteresting for him;
• find the right time to play when the child is full, happy and not busy with an important task for him;
• it is better not to give game material free access, get it only for classes, otherwise the child may lose interest in it;
• finish the game before she gets bored.

And don't forget to create incentives in the game. The simplest of them is praise or a small prize. Remember that the motivation of children largely depends on your imagination and creativity. Do not be afraid to come up with your own, new versions of games, every time in an already familiar game you can come up with something new. Also, give the children the opportunity to invent their own card games, which will be especially interesting to play!

Game 1. Lotto "Folk crafts"

Purpose of the game. 3 acquaintance with various folk crafts; attention development.

The game can be played both at home in a pair of "child - adult", and in a group of children (2-7 people). Each player gets one big card. The corresponding small picture cards are turned face down on the table and shuffled, or laid out in a pile. The host takes out one card at a time and invites the children to guess who has such a card.

Adult. Look carefully, your pictures show elements of painting of various folk crafts. Let's play loto - everyone must collect on a large map all the small pictures depicting the products of this craft. The first person to collect all their pictures wins. Be careful, take your time and try not to make mistakes! We start the game. Who needs a picture like this? What does this picture look like? Etc.

At the end of the game, the adult sums up, naming the types of crafts. It is also useful to ask children what types of crafts they collected - this way the names of folk crafts are better differentiated and remembered.

In the future, you can offer children to collect pictures for two large cards, which is more difficult.

Game 2. "Paired pictures"

Purpose of the game. Consolidation of knowledge about Russian folk crafts; development of attention and memory. Pick up two pictures that depict the products of each of the handicrafts presented in the game - a total of 14 cards. Shuffle the pictures on the table, then invite the child to match pairs of similar pictures. When the pairs are matched, ask them to remember and name the folk crafts whose products are shown in the pictures. In such a game, you can play with several children - in this case, several sets of pairs of pictures are prepared and the one who first sorts his pictures into pairs wins.

Game 3. "Memory"

Purpose of the game. Consolidation of knowledge about Russian folk crafts; development of attention and memory.

Prepare small cards for the game: how many players - as many sets of cards, mix the cards and lay them on the table “shirts” up to hide the image (you can also play on the floor, sitting around the cards in a circle). An adult explains to the children the essence of the game and gives out one sample card each (you can give the name of the craft as a task, but this is more difficult).

Adult. Each of you must collect your own pictures - 4 (or 5, 6, 7, 8) in total, all of which belong to one of the folk crafts.

To collect the cards, you can make attempts in turn - turn over one of the cards and look at the image on it: if the card fits, the player takes it for himself, and if not, he puts it back in place with the image down. All players try to remember where which cards are. Then the next participant chooses one of the cards, and so on. The first player to collect all their cards wins the game. This is the most attentive player, he does not just try to turn over and look at the pictures, but remembers the location of the pictures that have already been turned over and looked at. The difficulty level of this game can be easily varied by changing the number of cards in the game. For example, at first you can offer players to collect 4 cards, then 5-7.

Game 4

Purpose of the game. Consolidation of knowledge about Russian folk crafts and their names.

Put in front of the child 7 small cards depicting products of various folk crafts. Offer to choose the appropriate picture by the word - name.

Adult. I'll call folk craft, and you find and show the desired picture. Gzhel. Correctly chose - well done. Khokhloma. Gorodets painting. That's right - here she is. Kargopol toy. No, this is a Filimonovo toy, but here is a Kargopol one. Etc.

Game 5. "Who is the first"

Purpose of the game. 3strengthening knowledge about Russian folk crafts; development of attention and speed of reaction, all cards are used in the game - the number of crafts studied by the number of players.

In this competition game, the one who finds and collects all his cards the fastest wins, for this all the cards are shuffled and laid out on the table or on the floor with the images up. The start of the game is given at the signal of an adult. At the end of the game, the host asks the players to show their pictures in order to check the correctness of the game task and name the type of folk craft.

Game 6

Purpose of the game: consolidation of knowledge about Russian folk crafts and their names.

The game is played with one child. On the table or on the floor, cards are laid out with images up, the child is offered to sort the pictures by craft - lay out in rows or heaps. When all the pictures are sorted, ask the child to name the types of folk crafts.

The level of difficulty of this game can be flexibly varied by increasing or decreasing the number of cards in the game, you can invite the child to sort the pictures by decomposing them into large lotto cards. Such a game can be played at speed - use an hourglass or set an alarm clock for 2-5 minutes.

Additional games

With game cards, you can come up with many other useful and interesting games. Let's give some examples to awaken your creative imagination.

Game "Pictures and Names"(Develops attention and thinking, ability to read). Give two players a set of pictures (one small picture from each fishery) and fishery nameplates. Ask to choose a name for each picture - put a card to the picture. The one who completes the task first wins.

The game "The Fourth Extra"(develops attention and thinking). Lay out four cards in front of the child: three pictures with images of one folk craft, one picture with the image of another craft. Please remove the extra image. Continue playing with other cards.

Game "Lay out a row"(develops attention, consolidates ideas about folk crafts and their names). Using small cards, invite the child to lay out a series of pictures under dictation: name the types of folk crafts one by one, and the child selects the appropriate pictures and puts them in a row. In this game, you can use a different number of pictures: one from each fishery, or several from each fishery.

Card scans

A good series of colorful manuals from Mosaic-Synthesis - albums on folk painting and folk art, the topics of the albums are very different.

Books are small, inexpensive, very good for activities with children.

In those editions that are a little more expensive, in addition to the album itself, it also comes with.

Gzhel and Khokhloma, Gorodets, Filimon whistles, nesting dolls painting, Mezen painting, Zhostovo trays, Dymkovo toy, and much more.

The manuals are very good for technology classes in the lower grades.

The publications in this series are designed to teach children of preschool and primary school age the basics visual arts and artistic work.

Each issue is a colorful album, a cycle of classes on a specific topic with games, illustrated in detail tasks for children and guidelines for teachers and parents. First, it is better to master the manual for the parent, and then teach your children.

The publication will help primary school teachers, educators of senior preschool groups educational institutions, teachers of art schools, heads of circles and various studios, as well as parents to organize interesting activities and useful leisure activities for children.

Folk crafts for children

Mezen painting

We sculpt a folk toy. Workbook for classes with children 5-9 years old. This manual from the series "Art for Children" is dedicated to clay modeling folk toys, namely the Kargopol toy.

Zhostovo bouquet (+ form for painting). Painting mold diameter: 190 mm.

A workbook on the basics of folk art is recommended for classes with children 8-10 years old at the lessons of labor and fine arts.

Floral patterns of Polkhov-Maidan (+ form for painting). Painting mold size: 100 mm x 200 mm.

Filimonovsky whistles (+ form for painting)

Painting mold size: 120 mm x 190 mm.

Patterns of the Northern Dvina (+ form for painting)

The presented set includes a workbook and a form for painting. The form on the front side can be painted according to the finished drawing, and on the back side you can paint it yourself. The form can also be used as a stencil. To work, you will need brushes (No. 2 and No. 3), acrylic or gouache paints and colorless varnish.
Painting mold size: 125 mm x 200 mm.

Drawing - a benefit for children.

Dymkovo toy- learn painting.

Album - learning Gorodets painting.

Kargopol toy

Gzhel - with a form for painting.

Gzhel. Painting guide.

Since ancient times, dishes and other household items made of ceramics have been widely known in Rus'. One of the most famous settlements Rus', whose inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of ceramic porcelain dishes, is Gzhel (now the city is located on the territory of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, and even earlier, Gzhel has been the most famous center for the manufacture of porcelain and ceramics. The products of local craftsmen are distributed throughout Russia. It should be noted that in the old days this city was one of the centers of the Old Believers-priests. The heyday of Gzhel came at the time of the activity of the Association for the Production of Porcelain and Faience Products M.S. Kuznetsov" in the late XIX - early XX century.

The formation of the Gzhel color palette familiar to us falls on the beginning of the 19th century. Researchers point out that since the 1820s, an increasing number of Gzhel products were painted white and painted exclusively with blue paint. Today, blue painting is a characteristic feature of Gzhel products. The popularity of such dishes turned out to be so great that similar products began to be created in other areas, but they had a similar blue-and-white ornament. There have also been many fakes.

Experts say that only author's works that formed the Gzhel style familiar to us in the 80s of the XX century can be called authentic Gzhel products. These are the works of such artists as Azarova, Denisov, Neplyuev, Fedorovskaya, Oleinikov, Tsaregorodtsev, Podgornaya, Garanin, Simonov and others. Each of these masters puts on the product a personal signature or a stamp of the company where he works. If the master is an employee of the enterprise, then his products are transferred to the production workshop for the purpose of replication.

Zhostovo painting

In the middle of the XVIII century in the Urals, where the metallurgical plants of the Demidovs were located, the new kind fishing. Local craftsmen began to paint metal trays. It is interesting that such workshops appeared in cities where a large part of the population were Old Believers, who still have prayer houses and churches there. These are Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk and Vyisk, founded in 1722. So the so-called Tagil trays appeared. The industrialists Demidovs, who oversaw this craft, were very concerned about the quality and artistic value of the products. In order to educate and train professional personnel, they founded a school in 1806. The historical style of Tagil trays was created thanks to this school and its most authoritative teacher - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts V.I. Albychev.

Painted Tagil trays were sold all over the country. Similar products began to try to produce in other places. The most successful such attempt was the organization of the production of painted trays in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow province. The trays made there became famous in the first half of the 19th century. Since then, this type of craft has received the name "Zhostovo painting". Until now, the craft of painting a tray has been preserved only in Nizhny Tagil and Zhostovo. The painting is done mainly on a black background (occasionally on red, blue, green).

The main motives of the painting are: flower bouquets, both lush garden and small wild flowers; Ural landscapes or ancient cities. On some old trays you can see people fabulous birds. Painted trays are used either for their intended purpose (as a samovar, for serving dinner), or for decoration. The shape of the trays are divided into round, octagonal, rectangular, oval.

Palekh miniature

After the October Revolution and the beginning of the persecution of religion, Palekh icon painters had to look for new way earnings. Thus, many retrained as masters of lacquer miniatures. This type of miniature is made in tempera on papier-mâché. As a rule, caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, needle cases and more are painted. The painting is done in gold on a black background. The original technology of the last century, which was used by the first Palekh craftsmen in the 1920s and 30s of the 20th century, has been partially preserved.

The characteristic plots of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. Many plots are devoted to the events of history, including the revolution and the civil war. There is a cycle of miniatures dedicated to space exploration. Since the beginning of the 21st century, among some masters working in the Palekh style, there has been a tendency to return to icon-painting subjects.

Fedoskino miniature is another type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting. Made with oil paints on papier-mâché. Unlike the miniatures of Palekh, the techniques of which came from icon painting, the Fedoskino miniature was originally formed as a type applied arts, hence the more “earthly” style of writing.

The Fedoskino miniature originated at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino in the Moscow province. The main motifs of the miniature: "troikas", "tea parties", scenes from the life of peasants. Caskets and caskets, which were decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists, were most highly valued.

In the 19th century, the Fedoskino miniature served mostly decorative purposes. In the middle of the 20th century, the author's direction began to develop. The plots of miniatures began to become more complicated.

Khokhloma

Nizhny Novgorod decorative Khokhloma painting. The craft originated in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma. It is located on the territory of the former Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, known in the old days for large Old Believer monasteries, such as the Sharpansky and Olenevsky sketes. It is no coincidence that in the famous novel by Andrei Melnikov (Pechersky), the Old Believers of the Semenovsky district are engaged in the manufacture of wooden utensils. They also did this in Khokhloma. Khokhloma masters nevertheless became known throughout Russia for their unusual bright paintings. They painted wooden utensils and furniture. Mostly black, red, golden, sometimes green colors were used.

In order to achieve the golden color characteristic of Khokhloma, local craftsmen apply silver tin powder to the surface of the product when painting. After that, they are varnished and baked three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-gold color, which gives the light wooden utensils a massive effect.

Thanks to this technology that creates an unusual color, Khokhloma has become popular all over the world. Plates and spoons made in this style began to be perceived in the 20th century as a symbol of Russian national dishes.

Gorodets painting appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​the ancient city of Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod province. Through the efforts of the Old Believers, Gorodets became a center of wooden shipbuilding and bread trade with all-Russian fame. Merchants-Old Believers donated significant sums for the construction of churches, for the maintenance of hospitals, orphanages, public education and improvement of the city.

Gorodets painting is bright and concise. The main themes of the painting are scenes from fairy tales, figurines of horses, birds, flowers, peasant and merchant life. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke. Spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors, chests, arcs, sleighs, and children's toys were decorated with Gorodets painting.

That's what it says V.S. Ravens about Gorodets painting:

The Nizhny Novgorod style presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the limits of graphic captivity and is based solely on the elements of painting.

Mezen painting

Mezen painting on wood (Palashchelsky painting) is special kind paintings of household utensils, in particular spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which developed by the end of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. Since ancient times, these places, like all the seaside, were inhabited by the Old Believers. And from December 1664 to February 1666 Archpriest Avvakum was in exile in Mezen itself. The oldest surviving spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815.

The artistic motifs of the Mezen painting can be found in handwritten books of the 18th century, which were made in Pomorie. The main colors of the Mezen painting are black and red. The main motifs of the geometric ornament are disks, rhombuses, crosses. The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from erasing and gave the product a golden color.

At the end of the 19th century, Mezen painting was concentrated in the village of Palashchelye, where entire families of craftsmen worked: the Aksenovs, Novikovs, Fedotovs, Kuzmins, Shishovs. In the mid 1960s. Mezen painting was revived by the descendants of the old palashchel masters: F.M. Fedotov in the village of Palaschelye and S.F. and I.S. Fatyanova in the village of Selishche. The exhibition of Mezen spinning wheels in 2018 was the first event in the newly opened Museum. Gilyarovsky, in Stoleshnikov Lane in Moscow.

Vologda lace is a Russian craft that originated in the Vologda region in the 16th century. Lace is woven on bobbins (wooden sticks). As a separate craft with its own characteristic features, Vologda lace was already known in the 17th-18th centuries. However, until the 19th century, lace-making was a domestic craft, it was done, first of all, by private craftswomen. With the increasing popularity of Vologda lace, the production of products was put on stream. In the 19th century, lace factories appeared in the vicinity of Vologda.

All the main images in the Vologda coupling lace are made with a dense, continuous braid of the same width. For the manufacture of Vologda lace, a cushion-roller, juniper or birch bobbins, pins, and a chip are used. A typical material for Vologda lace is linen.

The plots of Vologda lace are very different - from floral ornaments to figured compositions. In Vologda lace, you can find Christian and ancient folk symbols.

Yelets lace is no less famous. It is woven on bobbins. This type of lace originated at the beginning of the 19th century in the city of Yelets.

Lace is distinguished by a soft contrast of a small pattern (vegetative and geometric) and a thin openwork background.

It is believed that Yelets lace is lighter and more elegant than Vologda lace.

Mtsensk lace is a type of Russian lace, which is woven on bobbins.

Mtsensk lace appeared in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region, in the 18th century. This became possible thanks to the local landowner Protasova, who gathered craftswomen from different parts of Russia and founded a manufactory - the largest lace production in Russia at that time.

Distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and saturated, as experts say - more "airy".

At the beginning of the 18th century, craftswomen engaged in the manufacture of lace appeared in the Vyatka province. However, the production of lace acquired an industrial scale only in the second half of the 19th century. This trade is carried out by craftswomen from peasants. In 1893, in the Kukarka settlement of the Yaransky district of the Vyatka province, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized. The forms of products are diverse and sometimes unusual: these are vests, braids of scarves, collars, napkins with patterns in the form of butterflies, lush flowers, whimsical loops.

The most interesting products from Vyatka lace were created in Soviet time. These achievements are associated with the name of the famous lace artist, laureate State Prize Russia named after Repin Anfisa Fedorovna Blinova. Her works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Russian Art Fund, the Moscow Research Institute of Art Industry.

In the conditions of the economic crisis of the 90s of the XX century, the lace factory located in the city of Sovetsk (the former settlement of Kukarka) was closed. Only quite recently, in 2012, a production cooperative artel "Kukarskoe lace" was created in the city, gradually reviving the traditions of the old craft.

Orenburg downy shawl - a knitted shawl made from the unique down of Orenburg goats, applied to a special base (cotton, silk or other material).

This craft originated in the Orenburg province in the 18th century. Products are very thin, like cobwebs, but they usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of the product is often determined by 2 parameters: whether the product passes through the ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.

In the middle of the 19th century, downy shawls were presented at exhibitions in European countries, where they received international recognition. Repeated attempts were made, including abroad, to open the production of such down for the needs light industry. However, they were not successful. It turned out that in order to obtain such a thin and warm fluff from goats, rather harsh climatic conditions and certain nutrition are necessary, the totality of which is possible only on the territory of the Orenburg Territory.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, they began to produce woolen scarves with the so-called printed pattern, which was applied to the fabric using forms with a relief pattern. Pavloposad shawls are traditionally black or red products with a three-dimensional floral pattern.

In the 70s. In the 19th century, the palette of scarves familiar to us was formed, the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs expanded. Craftswomen prefer images of garden flowers, especially roses and dahlias.

Until the 1970s, the drawing was applied to the fabric with wooden carved forms: the outline of the drawing - with boards - "manners", the drawing itself - with "flowers". Creating a scarf required up to 400 overlays. Since the 1970s, dye has been applied to fabric using silk and nylon mesh patterns. This allows you to increase the number of colors, the elegance of the pattern and improves the quality of production.

Krestetskaya stitch (or Krestetskaya embroidery) is a folk craft that has developed since the 1860s in the Krestetsky district of the Novgorod province, since ancient times inhabited by Old Believers.

The Krestetskaya line is the most labor-intensive and complicated line embroidery in the execution technique.

Embroidery was performed on linen fabric, and the threads, warp and weft were cut and pulled out of the fabric, forming gaps, like a net. This fabric was used to create a variety of patterns and embroideries. Krestets embroidery was used to decorate garments, curtains, and towels.

Kasli casting - artistic products (sculptures, lattices, architectural elements, etc.) made of cast iron and bronze, produced at the iron foundry in the city of Kasli.

This plant was founded in 1749 by the Old Believer merchant Yakov Korobkov, who arrived here with his family from Tula. He was guided by the decree of Peter I, which read:

It is allowed to everyone and everyone, the will is given, no matter what rank and dignity one is, in all places, both on one’s own and on foreign lands, to search, melt, cook, clean all kinds of metals and minerals.

Sculpture "Russia" N.A. Laveretsky, Kasli casting, 1896

Most of the plant workers were also Old Believers who arrived from different places in the Urals, where the persecution of the old faith was not so noticeable.

The traditions of Kasli casting - the graphic clarity of the silhouette, the combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights - developed in the 19th century. During this period, the owners of the plant attracted new talented sculptors, artists, chasers and moulders. Kasli casting products received the Grand Prix award at the prestigious Paris World Exhibition of Applied Arts in 1900.

The Shemogoda slotted birch bark, which originates in the Vologda region, has gained particular popularity. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is a fairly strong and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, tuesas, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes.

The peculiarity of these products is that a natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems, animals and people are intertwined with the traditional pattern. The traditional patterns of the Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark are engraved on birch bark sheets with a blunt awl and cut with a sharp knife, removing the background. Colored paper or another layer of birch bark is sometimes placed under the openwork; carving is complemented by embossing. In the 19th century, these products were called " birch bark lace».

In Soviet times, items made from Shemogoda birch bark were considered a symbol of the Russian forest and were in demand among foreigners. At the same time, a birch bark carving workshop was organized at the Shemogodsk furniture factory (Vologda region). And today, not a single Russian fair is complete without birch bark dishes.

This Russian craft originated among professional woodcarvers from Nizhny Novgorod. Masters use the tubular bone of cattle as the main raw material - “ tarsus and horn. Also, for the manufacture of expensive types of products, rarer and more valuable types of mammoth and walrus bones are used.

Varnavin bone carving is mainly used in the manufacture of women's jewelry (hairpins, combs, hairpins, combs, brooches, pendants, beads, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, rings, rings), caskets, caskets, fountain pens, decorative dishes and other souvenirs.

The peculiarity of such products lies in the absolute originality and individuality. Each item is made by hand, without any templates and stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving is an artistic craft of woodcarving, which was formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow.

Using this technique, they made ladles, dishes, vases and caskets, as well as any items of home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the predominance of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and polishing of wood.

The heyday of this craft falls on the Soviet period of time - 20-40s. Orders for employees of the Kudrin artel "Vozrozhdenie" were received even from Tretyakov Gallery. Historical and modern items made in the style of Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carving were presented at international exhibition in Paris in 1937. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kudrinsk carving factory was closed. Today, the craft is preserved thanks to the work of private craftsmen.

The history of Gusev crystal began in 1756, when the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov founded the first glass factory on the banks of the Gus River in dense Meshchera forests.

The first mention of the Gus volost dates back to the 17th century. When the construction of glass manufactories in the Moscow region was banned due to excessive deforestation, the first crystal factory was built in the village of Gus on the river of the same name, craftsmen for which were specially brought from Mozhaisk. Thus began the history of not just production, but a whole folk craft that continues to flourish to this day.

Now the plant is primarily famous for its artistic glass. Gusev artists, taking into account the peculiarities of the material, give it a highly artistic expressiveness, skillfully using color, form, and decor.

Filigree

Filigree (or filigree) is a jewelry craft that uses an openwork or soldered pattern of thin gold, silver, etc. on a metal background. wire. The elements of the filigree pattern are very diverse: rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, smooth surface. The individual elements of the filigree are connected into a single whole by soldering. Often filigree is combined with grain - small metal balls that are soldered into pre-prepared cells (recesses). The grain creates an effective texture, a play of light and shade, thanks to which the products acquire a particularly elegant, sophisticated look. The materials for filigree products are alloys of gold, silver and platinum, as well as copper, brass, cupronickel, nickel silver. Jewelry made in the filigree technique is oxidized and silvered. Filigree is often combined with enamel (including enamel), engraving, and chasing.

Filigree products were produced in royal or monastic workshops. In the 18th century, large filigree products were made, along with stones, crystal and mother-of-pearl were widely used. At the same time, small silver things became widespread: vases, salt shakers, caskets. Since the 19th century, filigree products have already been produced by factories in large quantities. This is expensive dishes, and church utensils and much more.

Scanning centers today are:

• The village of Kazakovo, Vachsky district Nizhny Novgorod region, where the enterprise of art products is located, which produces unique jewelry products in ancient technology artistic processing of metal - filigree.
• The village of Krasnoe-on-Volga, Kostroma Region, here is the Krasnoselsky School of Artistic Metalworking, the main task of which is to preserve the traditional Krasnoye Selo jewelry craft - filigree, enamel, chasing and more.
• The city of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the technical school of folk arts and crafts of Russia is located.

Enamel

Enamel is the production of works of art using vitreous powder, enamel on a metal substrate. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors. Enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, gold additives give glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt a blue color, and copper a green color.

Vologda (Usolskaya) enamel - traditional painting on white enamel. The craft originated in the 17th century in Solvychegodsk. Later, they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions painted on a copper base: floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, monophonic enamel (white, blue and green) became popular. Only in the 1970s of the XX century did the revival of the “Usolskaya” multi-color enamel by Vologda artists begin. Production continues to this day.

There is also Rostov enamel - a Russian folk art craft that has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl Region. Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, which were invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.

Malachite products

Malachite is a green mineral with rich hues that lends itself well to processing. The stone can be from light green to black-green, and the first craft is more than 10 thousand years old. Dense varieties of malachite of good color and beautiful pattern are highly valued and have been used since the end of the 18th century for facing flat surfaces. Since the beginning of the 19th century, malachite has been used to create volumetric works - vases, bowls, dishes.

Malachite gained wide popularity outside of Russia thanks to the orders of the World Exhibition in London in 1851, prepared by. Thanks to the Demidovs, since the 1830s, malachite began to be used as a material for architectural decoration: the first malachite hall was created by order of P.N. Demidov architect O. Montferrand in a mansion in St. Petersburg on the street. B. Morskaya, 43. Luxurious interior work with malachite was made in St. Isaac's Cathedral. Malachite is also used to make jewelry. The technique of facing with malachite is called " Russian mosaic". It is based on the principle that was used by European craftsmen to reduce the cost of lapis lazuli products back in the 17th century: thinly sawn stone plates cover the surface of an object made of metal or cheap stone. This creates the illusion of carving from a monolith.

Tales of the Russian writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, who began his career as a teacher in a school in the remote Ural village of Shaydurikha, inhabited by Old Believers, are dedicated to the malachite craft. The writer took a lot from them. interesting stories and legends related to life in the Urals and folklore customs of the local population.

“It’s not expensive that red is gold, but it’s expensive that it’s from a good master”
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From time immemorial, our land has been famous for its good craftsmen - gifted people who created bright, original art. These are the architects of stone temples, and the creators of folk songs and fairy tales, and embroiderers, and blacksmiths, and potters, and woodcarvers, and painters ... In their work, they reflected the aspirations and dreams of the peasant, his vision of the world, his spiritual life, goodness and justice, high moral principles. That is why their works have not lost their value even after many years.

Some types of folk art have a happy fate. This is Ustyug niello on silver, and miniatures, ... But wealth artistic creativity people is not limited to well-known crafts. Many original crafts almost died out, others did not survive at all to this day. It is no secret that the old masters are leaving this land and sometimes there is no one to pick up their work.

The pages you are on now tell about true ascetics who did not let many ancient crafts perish, about the characters and destinies of people passionate about their work, about masters who devoted their whole lives to their favorite work and did a lot to preserve original art.

Folk crafts have evolved over the centuries. Therefore, a special place is given to the biographies of ancient crafts, the history of their origin and the difficult paths of their development. Mastery was passed from mother to daughter, from father to son. And in every craft over the centuries of its existence, special techniques and secrets of preparing the material, their own manufacturing technology, have been developed.

There are also essays about enthusiasts who, it seems, cannot be ranked among folk craftsmen. But these people have done so much to save folk art that they should bow low. This is the reconstructor of the ancient musical instruments, the remains of which archaeologists find in the Novgorod excavations. This is the arborist Sergey Nikolaevich Bagaev, who revived the Karelian birch. Thanks to his selfless work, the famous Vyatka burl industry did not die. This is the land surveyor who saved the unique paintings of the Ural huts and created a folk museum in the village of Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha.

It is gratifying that young people are also making their contribution to the restoration of dying industries. Here you will read about wonderful young masters who not only continue the work of their fathers, but also go their own way in art.

Konon Lebedev Gorodets artist, 1991
Photo: Nikolai Moshkov

In Russian fairy tales, the feather of the firebird was famous. Its magical light filled the world with beauty and joy. Not in a fairy tale, but in reality, beauty and joy were created by the hands of craftsmen. Everything they touched was transformed: birch bark with a broken birch storm turned into a charming tuyesok, and a lump of clay into a cheerful stove pot, into a festive pot, into a funny whistle toy.

In folk art, the moral purity and spiritual beauty of people were involuntarily and lovingly embodied.

“Things necessary in everyday life: ladles, brothers, handwashers, rubels, spinning wheels, towels, men’s and women’s costumes, when they were touched by the hand of a nameless peasant artist, turned into genuine works of art, without losing their inherent simplicity and expressiveness,” wrote the famous Soviet art critic V. M. Vasilenko, noting the fundamental feature of the work of a peasant craftsman. “Folk art has always been based on a deep connection with the material, a subtle understanding of its artistic qualities and properties. It can be argued that outside the material there is no decorative art. Decorativeness, in essence, is, first of all, the full disclosure of the beauty of the material, both the original one and the one that arises as a result of various artistic processing.

Russian craftsmen perfectly knew the material and used it, achieving a natural unity of beauty and strength, decorativeness and relevance of every thing in peasant life. Everything here got along well with each other - both the perfectly forged scythe and the carved casing.

Understanding of art, mastery of craft skills was passed from grandfathers to great-grandchildren. Entire villages and villages were famous as potters, carvers, embroiderers, and toymakers. This is where industries took shape. Peasants carried wagons to bazaars and fairs what was done in the huts on long winter evenings to a girl's song, to a grandfather's tale, to a peasant's saying.

These crafts often became the property of the ruling boyars and monasteries. The owners of "baptized property" sometimes started their own production - jewelry, foundries. But even in them the people's idea of ​​beauty and harmony, a subtle sense of the material, and an amazing mastery of it were invariably manifested.

The fate of folk art, folk and private crafts was complex and difficult. Art was often distorted to suit the low tastes of customers and buyers, in a ruthless competitive struggle, it tried to imitate industrial products. The noble and heroic efforts of individual intellectuals who sought to help folk art brought only partial and short-term results, although remarkable in their own way.

A real revival of folk art began under Soviet rule. The Great October Socialist Revolution awakened the creator in the people, opened wide the riches of culture accumulated by mankind, and made the working people their true master.

Masters of a number of crafts united in the 1920s-1930s in artels, their products were included in the largest domestic and foreign exhibitions, found their way to a new popular buyer and connoisseur, replenished museum collections, and became the subject of comprehensive and systematic scientific research.

On the basis of these artels, factories were subsequently created, and the development of artistic productions related to jewelry, ceramics, artistic casting, and artistic stone processing continued.

And now craftsmen live and work in different parts of Russia, whose works are most often created for the soul - for a gift to friends, to the delight of children and on orders from the Union of Artists. Recently, there have been more and more such amateur potters, carvers, toy makers, embroiderers, and weavers. These are pensioners who have found a good job in their old age, and middle-aged people, and young people, which is especially encouraging.

If you imagine an artistic map of Russia, then, perhaps, it will sparkle like miraculous feathers. fabulous firebird. Scientific works and numerous special studies have been written about the art industry of the republic, about contemporary folk art, about the work of amateur craftsmen-artists, and popular publications are devoted to them.

Our site does not aim to give a strictly systematized idea of ​​the art industry and folk art crafts. Russian Federation or tell in detail about some of them, related to each other in the form of fine art, material. He introduces us to only a few of them.

Where does beauty come from, who creates it and how - these are the main questions that we will try to consider here.

Gaitan (neck decoration). Fragment. End of the 19th century Smolensk province
Terry (decoration in a braid). End of the 19th century Voronezh province

Handmade is a great option for realizing your own creative ideas and ideas. Objects self made all over the world are of high value, as they are exclusive and able to express the feelings of the author, as well as his attitude to surrounding things. The popularity of handmade is also due to the fact that it is able to create an object not only from improvised materials, but also taking into account the individual wishes of the creator or customer.

Handmade is a great option for realizing your own creative ideas and ideas.

A hand-made thing has a significantly higher price than one that is produced in a large number of copies in production. This is due to the fact that handmade does not imply the possibility of creating identical items, which means that the value of handmade mainly lies in its exclusivity. Even when re-creating the same item, it will differ from the previous one in some details, since a person is not able to exactly repeat the previous copy.

• have their own energy;
• endowed with character and soul;
• have an individual history of creation, which is directly related not only to the author, but also to the customer.

Also, the value of handmade is due to:

• longer time spent on the manufacture of an individual thing;
• careful study of the image;
• individual approach to each object;
• using more expensive materials.

The most important advantage of things made by hand is that they do not tend to lose their value, as is the case industrial production. On the contrary, exclusive things only become more expensive over time.

Pincushion box: handmade (video)

DIY crafts for the home: does it make sense?

Before you start decorating your own home, many people ask themselves: does it make sense to decorate it with handmade items or is it easier to go to the store and purchase all the necessary things? The answer to this question is ambiguous. On the one hand, if the household has enough free time that they are willing to spend on hand-made, then, of course, there is a point. After all, this will allow not only to decorate your home, but also to create a special atmosphere in it, and possibly to realize special functionality in some things. By the way, such a trend of needlework as decoration and the return to life of old things that have lost their visual appeal is gaining great popularity. Such elements of home decor will not only prevent parting with your favorite things that are out of order, but also bring individuality to your home, while saving a certain amount. Money.

Decorate your own home and save some money

On the other hand, if household members almost completely lack extra time, it makes little sense to make home decor elements on their own, since their creation requires a large number time. If, nevertheless, in such a situation there is a desire to decorate your home with exclusive author's things, it is better to order them from any author who can realize any proposed idea.

Folk crafts: is it possible to realize

With certain materials, any folk craft can be realized. It is worth considering that in this matter, not only the material base is important, but also the process of acquiring certain skills that will allow you to master folk crafts in every detail. To begin with, it is advisable to start by creating lighter things, involving the use of simplified schemes and techniques.

In the presence of certain materials, any folk craft can be realized

At home, it is possible to realize the work of professionals if you follow a few important points.

1. Before manufacturing a product, it is necessary to carefully study the technology of its creation.
2. For things you need to purchase materials that are used in the work of professionals.
3. To create the desired thing, you need to go gradually, gaining experience on simpler objects.
4. When creating items for the home, it is necessary to be careful, and in most cases this is helped by perseverance and patience.

Now the most popular items created by professionals and available for making at home are:

• weaving baskets and breadbaskets;
• herbal weaving;
• wax casting;
• candle making;
• woodcarving;
• clay crafting;
• embroidery;
• Crochet;
• painting on wood and ceramics.

Crafts from paper, ceramics, natural materials: ideas

Interestingly, handmade items made of paper, natural materials and ceramics can be created not only within children's creativity, but also to be self-sufficient works of art.

So, to decorate the house, you can make paper crafts using the following techniques:

• application;
• openwork cutting;
• papier mache;
• scrapbooking;
• collage;
• modeling;
• quilling;
• norigami;
• kirigami;
• picture of paper napkins;
• iris folding;
• decoupage and 3D decoupage.

Interestingly, handmade items made of paper, natural materials and ceramics can be self-sufficient works of art.

An excellent option is to combine several techniques within one work, for example, a picture made using the iris folding technique is perfectly complemented by decorative quilling elements.

Ceramic craft ideas for the home

Basically, various figurines are made from ceramics, which are used to decorate the house. However, in addition to these ceramic decorations, you can create:

• original planters and pots for home plants;
• vases;
• dishes;
• piggy banks;
• caskets;
• organizers and stands;
• photo frames.

In addition to modeling from clay, whole works of art can be created from finished ceramic products.

• 1. From clay pots you can make whimsical butterflies and various insects that can decorate the house lawn.
  2. A tall clay pot can serve as an excellent table for placing tea accessories on it.
  3. Several ceramic pots, fixed together, left on top of each other and topped with a tray, will form an elegant stand, and a lower version of the leg will serve as an excellent option for a feeder.
  4. If there is a country veranda near the house from pots and an old chandelier, you can create a sophisticated stand for flowers that will literally lower their foliage from the ceiling, creating the image of a garden.
  5. From the remaining pieces of tiles, you can make chic hot coasters and cups. However, in this case, some soft material will need to be glued to the bottom of the tile to prevent scratches on the table and other furniture.
  6. A tiled table or mirror looks great. Such interior items will add grace and nobility to the house.
  7. Ceramic tiles can serve as the basis for creating paintings, replacing the canvas. For drawing by ceramic tiles It is best to use acrylic paints.

Craft ideas from natural materials

In view of the increasing importance environmental topics The greatest popularity is observed in the manufacture of crafts from natural materials. It is interesting that such ecological handwork can consist not only in the creation of children's crafts, but also in the manufacture of things for household use.

1. From branches that have fallen or broken by the wind, beautiful birdhouses can be made. By the way, hanging feeders outside the window of the house will allow you to enjoy beautiful bird singing every day.
2. From straw, dried cereals, herbs, branches, acorn caps, decorations for decorating dishes can be made, for example, a tea set decorated with natural materials looks spectacular.
3. To decorate empty shelves of chestnuts, acorns, cones, leaves, flower petals, you can create topiaries, photo frames, and also decorate a vase.
4. Bright dried autumn leaves can form spectacular pictures.
5. A napkin holder can be made from hard natural materials.
6. Chestnuts, acorns and cones are excellent materials for making sweets.
7. Sand can be used to sprinkle the body of the future product. With such a base, decoration with shells looks spectacular.
8. Cones are often used to create decorative baskets.
9. From eggshells, previously dyed with food coloring, you can get an amazing relief picture. Such needlework can also serve as the basis for decoupage. In this case, the object is not only an image, but also an interesting texture.

In view of the increasing importance of the environmental theme, the greatest popularity is observed in the manufacture of crafts from natural materials.

Crafts made from natural materials are especially popular on the eve of the holidays.

So, for example, the following selection will help determine the gift:

• by March 8, various candlesticks, photo frames and "ecological bouquets" are often made;
• natural decor is often used to decorate a wedding hall and accessories, for example, a wish magazine can be decorated with leaves and petals;
• for the New Year, candlesticks, wreaths, various Christmas-tree author's toys are made, created on the basis of cones, chestnuts, dried leaves;
• for Easter, you can fold a picture made from pieces of eggshells or prepare coasters for painted eggs from acorn caps.

DIY crafts from natural materials (video)

Now the era has come in which the place of "machine stamping" is gradually being replaced by author's things. This creative direction is called handmade. The popularization of manual creativity is due to the fact that in the process of creating this or that little thing, the author puts his soul into it, as well as an individual idea.