Business plan for growing grapes under drip irrigation. Grape business. Growing and earning. Project Implementation Schedule

Grapes are one of the most popular types of berries that are presented on our food markets. This business is seasonal, unless, of course, greenhouses are used, but at the same time it is profitable and requires little labor to organize it. A huge number of grape varieties allows you to work in the market even with high competition, since you can grow and sell unique varieties of this berry.

In the grape business, it is very important to find markets. You should not limit yourself to selling grapes at the local food market, as an option, you can agree on its sale to juice factories, grocery stores, or to the nearest wineries.

It is most profitable to sell grapes in the off-season, since its price is higher during this period, but this can only be realized when building greenhouses, and during the season prices on the market fall, but at the same time, this berry is bought the most.

Site selection and soil preparation

The first thing you need to start organizing a vineyard is the selection and marking of a place for planting it. The best place to grow is considered sunny areas that are not covered by large trees. Shading leads to a decrease in yields, which in turn will affect profits. Sandy soils are most suitable for planting grapes.

For markup under the buttonhole, you need to focus on the following values. The distance between the rows of grapes is about 2-3 m. The indentation of one bush from another in a row is about 1.5-2 m. Such parameters must be observed so that the grapes do not obscure neighboring bushes.

Typically, planting pits are 0.8m x 0.8m x 0.8m in size. When digging, the soil is sorted, so, for example, the fertile topsoil is poured separately, and clay and loam separately. We will subsequently use the first type of soil to fill the pit.

Usually, the preparation of pits for planting grapes is carried out in advance, approximately 2 to 3 weeks before planting seedlings.

All pits are filled with a substrate of fertilizers and other additives that provide high soil fertility. After that, the pit is abundantly watered with water so that the soil sits a little.

How to plant grapes outdoors

Planting grapes involves a whole technological process, which subsequently ensures a high yield of the plantation. So, let's talk in more detail about the substrate and its components, since many novice businessmen are interested in this issue.

First, sand and humus are poured into the bottom of the pit, and somewhere around 2 buckets of earth mixed with 1 liter. wood ash. The last component provides the soil with useful trace elements. Then it's all mixed. At the same time, you should have about half of the hole filled. Next, a layer of 10 - 15 cm from the fertile soil, on which the seedling is installed and sprinkled with earth. Further, to the top, the space is filled with earth, humus, sand and ash. After that, it is plentifully watered with water about 2 buckets.

The seedling itself is usually set at an angle in the direction of the supporting structures. Usually, such structures are a metal profile located at a distance of about 3 meters from each other. A wire is stretched between the profile, with a step of about 40 cm between rows. The posts themselves are installed in pits to a depth of about 0.8 - 1 m and can be slightly concreted to create a more stable structure.

Care

As you can see, the grape business implies that its owner has specialized knowledge, since otherwise you can get only a part and not 100% of the yield of a particular variety.

In the full cycle of caring for this plant, you can include:

• watering, especially on hot days, it is advisable to wet the soil.
• soil loosening. For the best effect from watering, you can loosen the top level of the soil a little, especially if you have clay soil.
• pruning grapes, it is done to reduce the load on the bush and with this technology, the grapes bear fruit in large clusters.
• processing of leaves and grape bushes themselves for the prevention of plant diseases.
• obligatory preparation for the winter period.

Growing grapes in greenhouses

What you need to know about the greenhouse version of this business? It has a number of differences and advantages, but at the same time it requires large financial investments and maintenance costs for the greenhouse.

The business of growing grapes in greenhouses requires the purchase and installation of a greenhouse complex, which includes:

• actually the greenhouse itself with a ventilation system.
• drip irrigation system, powered for example from a barrel.
• equipment of the greenhouse with lighting fixtures;
• installation and installation of heating devices.

Here are the main temperature indicators that should be provided for the most optimal cultivation of grapes:

• during the period of kidney formation - during the day 10 - 15 degrees, at night - 8 - 10 degrees.
• during the growing season - during the day 22 - 27 degrees, at night - 14 - 16 degrees.
• during the ripening of berries - during the day 28 - 30 degrees, at night - 18 - 20 degrees.

As you can see, grapes are a heat-loving plant and it will be necessary to spend a lot of money on heating to keep it in a greenhouse, so this business, even in a greenhouse, usually starts around April to minimize the cost of its maintenance.

The best grape varieties for the market

When writing a business plan, you will have to choose between huge amount various kinds grapes. First of all, you need to choose the varieties that are most popular among buyers. Also, do not forget to consider whether these varieties are adapted to our climatic conditions.

Here is a list of the most suitable grape varieties for outdoor cultivation:

• Arcadia. These are white grapes with clusters of 500 - 700 grams. Ripens within 115 - 120 days. Sells very well in grocery markets.
• Laura. White grapes with bunches 600 - 800 grams. Ripening time - 110 - 115 days. Characterized by high productivity.
• Kishmish seedless. Pink grapes have a bunch size of 200 - 600 grams. Ripens - 125 - 130 days. Great view for trading grapes in the market.
• Kodryanka. Purple berries with clusters 400 - 600 grams. I mature over a period of 110 days. This variety tolerates transportation well, while maintaining a good presentation.

The first two types of grapes can also be grown in greenhouse conditions.

In greenhouses, the following varieties are also additionally bred:

• Song. White grapes with large clusters up to 1 kg. Ripens about 107 days.
• Bulgaria sustainable. Grapes of an amber hue, ripens somewhere in 120 days.
• Transparent. Yellow grapes with Muscat taste, ripening period - 115 days.
• frankenthal. Black berries with a pleasant taste. Ripens within 150 days.

Conclusions. Grape business is a very promising topic that allows an entrepreneur to work out various markets for products, and the demand for this product is very high. But to grow this berry in a business format, you will need to study the characteristics of different grape varieties, determine the optimal planting technology and follow the correct plant care regimen.

Have something to add? We are waiting for practical advice and comments from the owners of farms in which this berry is grown, which will be useful for beginners.

Typical business plan for growing grapes and producing wine (vineyard). Vineyard business plan with calculations according to bank standards and the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture. Investment, payback business plan for growing grapes (vineyard), wine production

Executor	AMICO
the date	05.03.2018
Number of pages	141 pages
Price	35 000 rub. 35000 RUB
	BUY
	print version
	After placing and paying for the order, within 1 (one) business day, a marketing research / business plan will be sent to the specified e-mail. Accounting documents will be sent by regular mail. Our managers will contact you on the specified numbers.
diagrams - 27, graphs - 4, tables - 31

Description "Typical business plan for growing grapes with the production of wine (vineyard)":

Objective of the project consists in developing a business plan for growing grapes with the production of wine (vineyard) in one of the wine-growing regions of Russia.

The business plan is accompanied by a financial model in in electronic format, which can be adapted to any region for growing grapes. The model can be independently corrected by changing only the initial parameters for calculations. The calculation model is provided to the client in Excel format.

The concept of a business plan for growing grapes with the production of wine (vineyard):

The concept of the project involves the creation of a grape growing farm in one of the wine-growing regions of Russia.

***% of funds spent on planting vineyards will be subsidized. Subsidized revenues will be reinvested to increase the area under crops.

The lease of sown areas with an area of ​​*** hectares is envisaged, with the subsequent expansion of the area.

Vineyards suitable for wine production germinate within 3 years, so revenues begin in the fourth year.

The planned yield of vineyards will be *** tons per year.

The main characteristics of a business plan for growing grapes with the production of wine (vineyard):

• Manufactured products - grapes, table wine.
• The average yield of vineyards in the wine-growing regions of Russia is *** tons per hectare.
• The total costs for the production of wine materials are *** rubles.
• The selling price of grapes will be *** rubles. per kg.
• The project pays off in *** years.
• The discount rate used in the calculations for the project is 12% per year

The business plan covers:

Viticulture in Russia:

• The volume of gross grape harvest in Russia in the dynamics of 2012-2016
• The structure of the gross harvest and sown areas of grapes by categories of farms, regions and federal districts.
• Cultivated areas of grapes, its yield by regions and federal districts in Russia.
• Grape yield in dynamics by federal districts and regions of Russia.

Winemaking in Russia:

• The volume, dynamics and regional structure of the production of grape must and wine materials in Russia.
• The volume, dynamics and regional structure of the production of wine, grape must and wine materials in Russia.

Investments:

• The total amount of investments amounted to *** thousand rubles.
• The structure of investments in the cultivation of vineyards with the production of wine by cost areas.
• The project is invested at the expense of the investor's funds and subsidies.

In the financial model, indicators of the effectiveness of the creation of vineyards with further production of wine were calculated, namely the net present value, internal norm profitability, profitability index, discounted payback period of the project and others.

Market Attractiveness:

• The area under grapes in Russia in 2016 increased by ***% and amounted to *** thousand hectares. At the same time, the vast majority of them (***%) falls on the lands of agricultural organizations.
• Dagestan accounts for a quarter of the total area of ​​fruit-bearing vine plantations in Russia.
• In 2016, agricultural organizations harvested ***% of grapes than a year earlier.
• In 2016, the yield of grapes in all categories of farms increased by ***%, and in agricultural organizations by ***%.
• In terms of wine production in Russia, the Krasnodar Territory is the leader, where in 2016 about ***% of all wine was produced. It is followed by the Republic of Crimea and the Stavropol Territory, which accounted for ***% and 9.2% of the total production volume.
• In 2016, *** million deciliters of grape must were produced in Russia, with the entire volume produced in the North Caucasus Federal District.

The business plan contains 27 diagrams, 31 tables and 4 graphs.

1. PROJECT SUMMARY...4

2. REGISTRATION...7

2.1. COMPANY REGISTRATION...7

3. MARKETING...8

3.1. GRAPE GROWING TECHNOLOGY...8

3.1.1. General characteristics...8

3.1.2. Soils and their influence on the quality of grapes ... 9

3.1.3. Planting grapes...11

3.1.4. Cycles of development of grapes...16

3.1.5. Harvesting grapes...23

3.2. WINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY...26

3.2.1. General wine production technology...26

3.2.2. Red wine production technology...30

3.2.3. White wine production technology...31

3.2.4. Rosé wine production technology...31

3.2.5. Sparkling wine production technology...32

3.2.6. Technology for the production of special wines (strong and dessert)...32

3.2.7. Technology for the production of wines such as Madeira...33

3.2.8. Port wine production technology...33

3.2.9. Technology for the production of caramelized wines such as Marsala...34

3.2.10. Production technology of flavored wines...35

3.2.11. Technology for the production of film wines such as Sherry...35

3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF WINE PRODUCTS...36

3.3.1. General classification...36

3.4. STATE REGULATION OF THE ALCOHOL MARKET...39

3.4.1. Licensing...39

3.4.2. Labeling of alcoholic products...40

3.4.3 State regulation the cost of alcohol...41

3.4.4. Market regulation retail alcohol...42

3.5. VITICULTURE IN RUSSIA...44

3.5.1. Vineyard area...44

3.5.2. Gross harvest...58

3.6. WINE-MAKING IN RUSSIA...85

3.6.1. Wine-growing regions in Russia...85

3.6.2. Production of grape must in Russia...86

3.6.3. Production of wine materials in Russia...88

3.6.4. Wine production in Russia...91

4. PROJECT CONCEPT...102

5. PRODUCTION PLAN...104

5.1. LAND LAND RENT...104

5.2. PERSONNEL...105

5.3. INCOME PARAMETERS AND PRODUCTION PLAN...106

5.4. PARAMETERS OF CURRENT EXPENSES...107

6. INVESTMENT PLAN...109

6.1. VOLUME AND DIRECTIONS OF INVESTMENT COSTS...109

7. ASSESSMENT OF RISKS AND WAYS OF THEIR REDUCTION...112

8. FINANCIAL PLAN...113

8.1. INITIAL DATA FOR THE PROJECT...113

8.2. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS TO CALCULATIONS...113

8.3. REVENUE FORECAST AND INCOME PLAN...115

8.4. EXPENDITURE PLAN...119

8.4.1. General directions and volumes of current costs ... 119

8.5. PROJECT TAXATION...122

8.6. FORECAST STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW...124

8.7. PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT...132

8.8. PROJECT PERFORMANCE...138

9. ABOUT CONSULTING COMPANY "AMICO"...140

List of diagrams

Diagram 1. Area of ​​vine plantations in farms of all categories, thousand ha

Diagram 2. Distribution of vine plantation areas by farm categories in 2016,%

Diagram 3. Area of ​​vine plantations in agricultural organizations, thousand ha

Diagram 4. Distribution of grape planting areas by federal districts in 2016,%

Diagram 5. Distribution of grape planting areas by regions in 2016,%

Diagram 6. The area of ​​plantations of grapes in fruiting age in farms of all categories, thousand hectares

Diagram 7. Distribution of grape planting areas in fruit-bearing age by categories of farms in 2016,%

Diagram 8. The area of ​​vine plantations in the fruiting age in agricultural organizations, thousand hectares

Diagram 9. Distribution of grape planting areas in fruit-bearing age by federal districts in 2016,%

Diagram 10. Distribution of grape planting areas in fruiting age by region in 2016,%

Diagram 11. Gross grape harvest in farms of all categories, 2012-2016, thousand centners

Diagram 12. Structure of the gross grape harvest by farm category in 2016, %

Diagram 13. Gross grape harvest in agricultural organizations, 2012-2016, thousand centners

Diagram 14. The structure of the gross grape harvest in farms of all categories in 2016 by federal districts, %

Diagram 15. The structure of the gross grape harvest in farms of all categories in 2016 by region, %

Diagram 16. The yield of grapes in farms of all categories, centners per 1 ha of harvested area

Diagram 17. Grape yield in agricultural organizations, centners per 1 ha of harvested area

Diagram 18. The volume of grape must production in Russia, 2013-2016, thousand deciliters

Diagram 19. The volume of production of grape wine materials in Russia, 2014-2016, thousand deciliters

Diagram 20. Structure of production of grape wine materials by federal districts in Russia in 2016, %

Diagram 21. Structure of production of grape wine materials by regions in Russia in 2016, %

Diagram 22. Volume of wine production in Russia, 2013-2016, thousand deciliters

Diagram 23. Structure of wine production by federal districts in Russia in 2016, %

Diagram 24. Structure of wine production by regions in Russia in 2016, %

Diagram 25. The structure of the current costs of the project

Diagram 26. Structure of investment costs

Diagram 27. Income plan

List of tables

Table 1. Area of ​​vine plantations by federal districts, 2015-2016, thousand ha

Table 2. Area of ​​vine plantations by regions, 2015-2016, thousand ha

Table 3. Area of ​​vine plantations at fruiting age by federal districts, 2015-2016, thousand ha

Table 4. Area of ​​vine plantations in fruiting age by regions, 2015-2016, thousand ha

Table 5. Gross grape harvest by federal districts, 2015-2016, thousand centners

Table 6. Gross grape harvest by regions, 2015-2016, thousand centners

Table 7. Grape yield by federal districts, 2015-2016, centners per 1 ha

Table 8. Grape yield by region, 2015-2016, centners per 1 ha

Table 9. TOP-150 largest companies by revenue in 2016 in the grape growing industry

Table 10. Volume of grape must production in Russia by federal districts, 2013-2016, thousand deciliters

Table 11. Volume of grape must production in Russia by regions, 2013-2016, thousand deciliters

Table 12. The volume of production of grape wine materials in Russia by federal districts, 2014-2016, thousand deciliters

Table 13. The volume of production of grape wine materials in Russia by regions, 2014-2016, thousand deciliters

Table 14. Volume of wine production in Russia by federal districts, 2013-2016, thousand deciliters

Table 15. Volume of wine production in Russia by regions, 2013-2016, thousand deciliters

Table 16. TOP-100 largest companies by revenue in 2016 in the wine industry

Table 17. Increase in area

Table 18. Staffing

Table 19. Production plan

Table 20. Production plan

Table 21. Parameters of the current costs of the project

Table 23. Assessment of risks and ways to reduce them

Table 24. Baselines for the project

Table 25. Dynamics of project revenue

Table 26. Dynamics of current costs for the project

Table 27. Tax rates

Table 28. Tax payments for the project

Table 29. Cash flow statement

Table 30. Profit and loss statement

Table 31. Project performance indicators

List of charts

Chart 1. Income Plan

Graph 2. Dynamics of revenue, costs and profit

Chart 3. Dynamics of net profit

Chart 4. NPV of the project and undiscounted cash flow

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Such a demand for grapes brought winemaking into one of the profitable species business. However, in Russia it is quite difficult to find climatic conditions and soils for the successful cultivation of this heat-loving crop.

There is a belief among winegrowers that grapes can be grown wherever tomatoes grow and bear fruit.

In this case, you can use greenhouses, with the help of which it will be possible to grow even southern varieties.

Features of the construction of greenhouses

Without a doubt, you can order the manufacture of a greenhouse, but such a structure will cost 5000-5500 dollars.
Self-production will help save about 50% of the amount, but for such work you need to have a serious amount of special knowledge and skills.

To use the greenhouse for growing grapes, arched-type structures should be equipped on the foundation. The walls are built from traditional polycarbonate.

Particular attention should be paid to the organization of the following systems:

• irrigation - it is advisable to use a drip irrigation system that is able to maintain an optimal level of humidity in the greenhouse. The cost of such a system fluctuates in the range of 100-200 dollars.
• Ventilation - here can be used as automated system ventilation (price 50-100 dollars), and ventilation manually, by opening / closing the windows. Experienced growers combine these two methods in their greenhouses (for safety reasons).

Optimal temperature conditions for growing

The most successful interval for planting vines is the period from February to April. You can, of course, plant earlier, but this will require the arrangement of a heating system in the greenhouse.

For the successful cultivation of vines, the following temperature regime is considered optimal:

• At rest - throughout the day from 0 to + 5 ° C;
• During bud break - at night from +8°C to +10°C, during the day from +10°C to +14°C;
• During growth and flowering - at night from +18°C to +20°C, during the day from +28°C to +30°C.

Grapes: how and what to grow?

For growing grapes in greenhouses, greenhouse varieties should be used, such as:
Violet early, Burmunk, Frankenthal, Foster (Greenhouse white), Alphonse Lavalle, Leopold III, Zala dende.

The price of each seedling can reach 20-30 dollars. Plant them in a greenhouse along the walls, observing equal distances between seedlings.

Investment size and payback

In order for the business of growing grapes in greenhouses to start functioning, financial investments from 14,000 to 15,000 dollars will be needed. This amount consists of the following cost items:

• Construction (both the greenhouse itself and storage and utility rooms) - from 110,000 to 1,200,000 rubles;
• Equipment and tools - $ 1,500;
• Necessary seedlings - $ 1,000;
• Additional (unforeseen) expenses – $500.

The cost of grapes depends on the season and averages from 2 to 6.5 dollars. As a rule, approximately 5 kg of grapes are harvested from 1 m² of greenhouse. These figures allow us to state that financial investments will pay off in 4 years.

Video: a master class on growing grapes in a greenhouse

Do you love grapes and want to grow them for sale, but don't know where to start? Or maybe you have land on which you can set up a vineyard? it a good idea! Read our article, and we will talk about the nuances of commercial cultivation of grapes and outline the markets for berries.

For any grower, it is important not only to grow a vine and harvest from it, but also to profitably sell the berries, and for this it is necessary to find sales markets. It all depends on the "scale" of the economy. If it is small, then you can try your luck:

• at local food markets;
• in small shops and individual supermarkets.

If there are really a lot of grapes, then you should pay attention to:

• networks grocery supermarkets;
• juice and raisin factories;
• nearby wineries.

It is most profitable to sell grapes out of season - then you can get the highest price for the berries. This option is suitable for those who have the opportunity to grow a vine in a greenhouse. With traditional cultivation, you will get grapes at the time provided by nature, which means in season. That is, you should definitely not expect a high price, but it is at this time that you can sell the most berries.

If you are planning a large farm and want to wholesale berries to juice and wine factories, it is advisable to visit them even before choosing grapes. Production representatives will tell you which varieties they are more willing to take, which means that your choice of varieties will not be random.

To date, the situation on the market is as follows - a glut of technical varieties and a shortage of canteens. When choosing technical varieties, rely on indicators of acidity and sugar content. It is better to plant the sweetest grapes.

If your assortment includes the entire palette of grapes (black, white, pink), then the sales market will also increase. And also choose varieties with an extra early or the latest ripening period, then they can be sold on a premium medium.

When choosing a variety, follow two rules:

1. Buyer preferences.
2. Adaptation of the variety to the climatic conditions of Ukraine.

You also need to decide for yourself where you will hand over the grapes in the first place:

• in the production of juices, sweet nutmeg varieties are mainly needed (Simple birch, Nimrang, Bulgaria resistant);
• for raisins, varieties with large fleshy berries with 2-3 seeds are chosen - Lady's finger, Germaniana. The production of raisins involves the use of raisin varieties;
• for the production of wine, follow the recommendations from a particular plant.

Pay attention to how well the grapes lie and are transported. General rule here it is: the thicker the skin and the denser the pulp, the better. Optimal varieties: Arcadia, Cardinal.

1. . A variety with white berries, which are collected in clusters of 500-700 g. It ripens in 115-120 days and is in high demand among buyers.
2. . it whole group varieties, the most famous representative of which is Kishmish. He has small clusters of 200-600 g. Harvest is removed after 125-130 days.
3. . Large elongated berries form a brush weighing up to 1.5 kg. Harvesting is carried out on the 105th day.
4. Laura. Berries of harmonious taste ripen in 110-115 days. The average bunch weighs 600-800 g. The variety is well transported.
5. Kodryanka. The berries are black, collected in brushes of 400-600 g, ripen in 110 days. Shrubs tolerate temperatures down to -22˚С. Berries can hang on the vine for a long time without losing quality. Clusters during transportation do not crumple and do not flow.
6. Anniversary of Novocherkassk. One of the top ten varieties for small businesses. The berries are elongated, pale pink in color with a harmonious taste. Differ in early term of maturing and good transportability.

The best varieties for greenhouse cultivation:

1. Frankenthal. Black grapes. The berries are very pleasant to the taste, ripen in 150 days.
2. Bulgaria is resilient. Amber fruits. Clusters ripen in 120 days.
3. Song. This is a white grape with large brushes, the mass of which reaches 1 kg. Ripens in 107 days.
4. Transparent. Yellow grapes with a pronounced muscat taste, which is ready for 115-120 days.

For greenhouse cultivation, you can choose early or extra early varieties. Pay attention to the density of the bunch - the denser the berries are collected in the brush, the higher the likelihood of it being affected by fungal diseases due to poor ventilation.

It is better for novice winegrowers to choose Arcadia, Lora or Kodryanka varieties. more experienced ones can grow a white-pink variety Transformation, semi-raisin - Long-awaited or radiant raisins.

An important point regarding the choice of varieties: it is advisable to buy a vine from a trusted supplier. Do not take too expensive varieties - if something goes wrong, then you will throw away a lot of money. Also, do not dwell on untested varieties - it is not known how the vine will behave and whether it will meet your expectations. Give preference to seedlings with a closed root system - they are less injured during transplantation.

Try not to "spray" into dozens of varieties - this will not bring the proper result. Stop at 6-8 varieties and provide them with maximum care, then a high yield will not keep you waiting.

Profitability calculation

The average yield per bush is 10-15 kg. It is sold at retail for 25-40 UAH, and wholesale - for 15-25 UAH. In terms of hryvnia from one bush, you can get 150-600 UAH. In a greenhouse with an area of ​​450 m², 90 bushes grow, so we get a profit of 13500-54000. However, the vine begins to produce such a crop only from the fourth year of life, so the payback of the business is somewhat delayed. But as the grapes “grow up”, its yield also increases, so over time you can count on big profits.

The calculation per hectare can be as follows:

• income = 10 tons x 10 UAH / kg = 100 thousand UAH;
• consumption = laying 1 hectare of vineyard 20 thousand UAH + installation of a drip system 10 thousand UAH;
• profit = 70 thousand UAH

From this figure, you need to subtract the costs of transportation, wages of workers, utility bills, fertilizers, unforeseen expenses, and 30-40 thousand UAH of net profit will remain.

Take the warmest and sunniest place for the grapes. The best soils are light sandy loam. Planting between trees is not allowed - they will close Sun rays and the berries will not pick up the proper sweetness.

If you plan to plant the vine in one row, then it is advisable to arrange it from east to west. If you have several rows as planned, then leave 1.5-2 m between medium-sized varieties, 2-3 m between vigorous ones.

Grapes are best planted in the fall, which means that the pits should be ready in the summer. The deadline is 2-3 weeks before planting. The size of the pits is 80 x 80 x 80 cm. When forming the pits, discard the top layer (for 1-2 bayonets of a shovel) in one direction, and the bottom layer in the other.

Fill each hole:

• humus-syptom (2 buckets);
• sand (1 bucket);
• garden soil from the top layer (2 buckets);
• wood ash (1 liter).

Mix everything thoroughly and pour 2 buckets of water. From above, pour a layer of fertile soil 10 cm thick. Plant the grapes at an angle of 45˚ to the trellis. Sprinkle a layer of fertile soil on top and add 1-2 buckets of the same mixture as at the bottom of the pit. Water the seedling again thoroughly (1-2 buckets will be enough).

Be sure to arrange a trellis. To a depth of 0.8-1 m, dig support posts made of metal, wood or other available materials. Both underground and above-ground parts must be treated to protect against external influences. The distance between the supports is 3-4 m. Pull a strong wire onto the poles in increments of 40 cm.

This method of growing vines has its pros and cons.

Advantages:

• greenhouse plants ripen much earlier than those that grow in open ground;
• bushes are protected from any vagaries of nature (hail in summer, frost in winter, rain during fruit ripening), even grapes that are demanding on climatic conditions grow in greenhouses;
• the structure protects the vine from wasps and other pests, that is, chemical treatments will have to be resorted to much less frequently;
• yield remains consistently high without loss of taste.

Of the minuses, it is worth noting the large initial investment. You will need to purchase:

• greenhouse structures with a ventilation system;
• drip irrigation;
• special lighting devices;
• heating appliances.

If you are ready to spend, then you can start landing. This is best done in February or October - November.

The optimal dimensions of the greenhouse are 10 x 32 m with a height of 4.5 m. From the ends, it is desirable to organize fully opening windows measuring 1.5 x 4.5 m. In the hottest periods, you can throw a net on the roof, which gives 30% shading.

Plant bushes along the side walls. Distances should be as follows:

• from walls to bushes - not less than 1.25 m;
• between plants - 3 m;
• between rows - 2.5 m.

Greenhouse grapes also need trellis support. Let the distance between the support posts be about 3 m, pull the wire in increments of 30-60 cm, and the topmost row should be 35 cm from the ceiling glass, otherwise the sun's rays can burn the vine.

Dig holes measuring 60 x 60 cm. Set aside the top fertile layer (1-2 spade bayonets) next to the hole. Select the lower layers, and fill in their place with fertile soil mixed with humus, sand and ash. Instead of organic, you can add mineral fertilizer. Cover the seedling with soddy soil and water abundantly.

Grape care

The cycle of measures for the care of grapes in open and closed ground is reduced to:

• watering - the soil, especially during the hot season, should be moistened;
• loosening the soil - after rain or irrigation;
• pruning the vine - this will reduce the load on the bushes and get larger brushes;
• treatment of shrubs with preparations for diseases and insect pests;
• preparing plants for winter.

Usually grapes are fed four times a season.

1. In spring (superphosphate 40 g, nitrogen fertilizers 50 g, potash fertilizers 30 g).
2. A couple of weeks before flowering (mix a bucket of slurry with 2 buckets of water, leave to ferment for 10 days, dilute the finished mixture 1:6 before use). Irrigation rate - a bucket per bush.
3. When the berries grow to the size of a pea, feed them in the same way as the second time. Additionally, add 15 g of potash fertilizers and superphosphate to each bucket.
4. The last top dressing is needed during the ripening of the berries. For a bucket of water you will need 50 g of phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Instead of the potassium component, wood ash can be used.

Watering for grapes is just as important as top dressing. The exceptions are the periods before and during flowering, as well as before the collection of fruits. It is best to organize drip irrigation, then the topsoil will remain loose and will not interfere with air access to the roots.

In the spring, water-charging watering is needed. It is better to run water through trenches or ditches around the bush. In open ground, water the culture with cold water, in closed ground - warm.

When planting, you need to pour a couple of buckets into the planting pits (practically hot water), and then pour two buckets of warm water on the planted plants.

Water mature shrubs as needed. Water consumption rate - 40-60 l / m².

Shelter of grapes for the winter

Remove the vine from the trellis and press it to the ground with special pinches. Cover the plant with a layer of straw, cardboard, and lay slate on top. You can remove such a “fur coat” in a greenhouse at the end of March, in the open field - in April.

The nuances of caring for grapes in a greenhouse

The basic care measures remain the same, but it is worth considering additional nuances. For a good harvest, it is necessary to maintain optimal temperature conditions:

• during the growth of the kidneys during the day - 10-15˚С, at night - 8-10˚С;
• during the growing season during the day - 22-27˚С, at night - 14-16˚С;
• at the time of crop ripening during the day 28-30˚С, at night - 18-20˚С.

A good form of placement of fruiting shoots is U-shaped. Lay the load in the spring for young plants (up to 5 years old) by 5, and for mature plants by 6-8 upper buds. Keep a bunch on each shoot. Stepchildren pinch over 2 sheets. As soon as the lashes reach 2.5 m in length, mint them (over the summer, on vigorous varieties, it is carried out up to 4 times). This measure avoids thickening and, as a result, disease of the grapes.

Pruning can only be done in the fall, before the dormant period of the culture. On each shrub, form 4 sleeves, 1.5 m each, leaving a replacement knot annually.

This is a very important and rather laborious process. The timing of the collection depends on when the optimal ratio of sugar and acid is established in the berries. On average, the fruits are harvested 100 days after flowering, although in some years, due to temperature and humidity fluctuations, the collection time may differ by 7-40 days.

There are 2 degrees of grape maturity:

• technical (the level of sugar, acid, aromatic and other substances meets the requirements of the type of wine for which the berries will go);
• physiological or complete (sugar level reaches its maximum level and does not change or changes slightly within 2-3 days, while the acid level is also stable).

For most wines (champagne, table wines), technical maturity first comes, and then full. For Cahors and Muscats - on the contrary.

The berries are picked by hand. It takes about 250 hours to collect bunches per hectare. In order to collect all the fruits in one day, you will need 30 people. If you plan to harvest wine, then harvest it in sunny weather, at a temperature of about 20 ° C. It is unacceptable to mix berries of different varieties and colors. Processing of the harvest for wine should begin no later than 4 hours after harvest.

Mold is the main enemy of grapes during storage, if you can protect the berries from it, you will enjoy them throughout the winter.

Fully ripened and absolutely dry brushes lie the longest. When laying for storage, try not to erase the protective wax layer - pruin. To do this, inspecting the brush, put it not on a bare palm, but on a soft cloth. Remove all small, dry and damaged berries with small scissors with rounded ends - this way you do not injure healthy fruits. The later you bookmark the grapes, the longer it will be stored.

Give preference to dry thick-walled rooms, without light, foreign smells and with good ventilation. Maintain the temperature at 1-5˚C. It is better to whitewash the walls of the vault with lime and fumigate it with sulfur before planting the grapes. To reduce the humidity in the room, you can put a box with quicklime or dry charcoal in the corner.

If the storage is not provided with ventilation, do it yourself, in dry and cool weather, preferably at night.

Grapes can be stored in several ways: in boxes or barrels, on poles, combs and shelves. You can read more about storage.

Be sure to inspect the brushes with any storage method. The first time - 7-10 days after laying, then - less often. Better stored varieties with a dense skin and cartilaginous pulp. After long-term storage, the berries may lose some weight and wither, as part of the water will evaporate from them, but such a natural loss will not drastically affect the taste.

Notes

Growing grapes is a rather profitable business, but you must understand that you will receive the first berries only after a year, and stable fruiting can only be expected for 4 years.

Please note that the vine has its own "resource", you should not overload it to get a huge harvest - this will negatively affect the number of berries in the future.

Calculate your investment. Funds will be needed not only for the purchase of seedlings and the construction of greenhouses, but also for the purchase of fertilizers, payment for water and man-hours for harvesting.

If you grow a vineyard outdoors, be prepared for the vagaries of the weather. In this case, it is advisable to timely and accurately carry out all measures to care for the vine, this will help minimize damage.

Not later than a month or two before the crop ripens, once again visit all the proposed distribution channels and clarify the terms of the transaction.

We have covered the main aspects of grape business. For a novice agrarian, it is advisable to strictly adhere to all recommendations, but for those who love and know the vine, there is room for maneuver.