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What crops are grown in China? Population and economy of modern China Chinese company agriculture animal husbandry

According to official figures, China at the end of the 20th century had about 95 million hectares of cultivated land. It is not uncommon for a single cultivated area to produce three or more crops in two years, and the Yangtze River basin has two crops each year. In parts of southern China, many fields produce three crops a year of major crops and up to five crops of vegetables. China's agriculture has been shaped by its vast territory and diverse climatic conditions. More than 50 different field crops, more than 80 types of garden crops and almost 60 types of garden crops are grown on the territory of the country.

Sheep, horses and goats are reared in the highlands of the western regions of China, as well as in the vast steppes of Tibet and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In the oases of the desert regions of Xinjiang, watermelons and grapes are grown. The cold northern provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin produce highly mechanized wheat and soybeans. Chronically water-stressed Northern China grows drought-tolerant crops such as corn, wheat and millet. On the North China Plain, cultivated land yields two crops of grain and tobacco a year.

China's agriculture includes the most productive areas in terms of gross agricultural output: Sichuan province, the lower Yangtze River valley and the subtropical province of Guangdong. Here, several crops per year are the norm, and irrigation and fertilization are widely used. The provinces of Sichuan, Hunan and Jiangsu are the largest in rice production. In areas of the provinces of Guangxi and Guangdong, most of the sugar cane is cultivated. And in subtropical regions Agriculture China produces, mainly for export, oranges, tangerines, pineapples and lychees.

Labor resources in China's agriculture play almost the most important role. The land, as a result of the privatization program, was divided among the families in the communes and its cultivation is carried out on the basis of a family contract. At first, land was leased for 1-3 years, but then a long-term tenure system (50 years or more) was introduced. The Chinese government has made a number of adjustments to the purchase prices of grains and meat, this has been a stimulus that has helped to significantly increase labor productivity. By the end of the 20th century, China's agriculture produced about 500 million tons of cereals, including 185 million tons of rice. Wheat is the second most important food crop. And for the collection of corn (more than 100 million tons per year), the country ranks second in the world after the United States.

Describing the different types of agriculture in China, it should be noted that the country is one of the world's largest suppliers of many varieties of tea. In addition, millet, oats, kaoliang, rye, buckwheat, sweet potatoes and potatoes from root crops, and soybeans from legumes are grown. An important place among industrial crops belongs to cotton. 40% of the areas occupied by industrial crops are allocated for its cultivation. Flax, hemp and jute are also grown. Tobacco is collected in the largest volumes in the world. Sesame, peanut and sunflower are the leaders among oilseeds. Sugar beets and pineapples, citrus fruits, bananas, apples, mangoes, pears and others are grown. Animal husbandry in China used to occupy a secondary place, but now it has begun to develop at an accelerated pace. Also, sericulture has been practiced in China for 4000 years.

Despite the success of China's agriculture, it cannot cope with the large growth in the country's population. According to experts' forecasts, in the 21st century the need for imported grain will be from 55 to 175 million tons annually.

In terms of production, China's agriculture is one of the largest in the world. One of the main features of agriculture is the constant shortage of land. Of the 320 million

Only 224 million hectares of plowed land can be used, while the area of arable land is about 1/2 of the world's arable land. According to the Chinese classification, only 21% of the land fund is classified as highly productive. These are, first of all, the plains of Northeast China, the middle and lower basins of the Yangtze River, the Pearl River Delta and

Sichuan Basin. These areas are distinguished by favorable conditions for crop production: a long vegetative period, high sums of active temperatures, an abundance of precipitation, which makes it possible to grow two, and in the extreme South of China even three crops per year.

The country's agriculture is traditionally characterized by crop production, primarily grain orientation, grain makes up 3% of the country's diet, and the main food crops are rice, wheat, corn, kaoliang, millet, tubers and soybeans.

About 20% of the cultivated area is occupied by rice, which accounts for about half of the total grain harvest in the country. The main rice-growing regions are located south of the Yellow River. Over the centuries-old history of rice cultivation in China, about 10 thousand varieties have been bred. Wheat, the second most important grain crop in the country, began to spread from the 6th-7th centuries. To date, no country in the world has such high wheat yields as in China, in addition to in large numbers sweet potatoes (yam) are grown, the tubers of which are rich in starch and sugar.

In China, the cultivation of industrial crops is of great importance. As a result of the prevailing price structure, their production is much more profitable than grain, cotton, vegetables and fruits, even though China is the third largest producer of cotton in the world. In addition, the cultivation of oilseeds, which are the main source of dietary fats, is widespread. The main ones are peanuts, rapeseed and sesame seeds (grown in Shandong province).

Not the last place is occupied by China in the cultivation of tea, which is used as medicine from the 4th century AD, and from the 6th century it becomes a common drink. Until now, most varieties of green and black tea are almost exclusively exported. Tea is grown in the provinces of Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui, Ftsoi.

The high population density and intensive use of the land fund are reflected, first of all, in the development of animal husbandry, the role of which is generally insignificant. In China, two types of animal husbandry have historically developed: one is closely related to agriculture and is of an auxiliary nature; in the flat agricultural regions, mainly pigs, draft draft animals and poultry are bred. The western regions are characterized by extensive, nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralism.

The production and consumption of livestock products, especially per capita, are low. The most developed pig breeding, known in China even before our era, accounts for about 90% of all meat produced. A characteristic feature of animal husbandry in China is the high proportion of draft animals and the underdevelopment of dairy farming.

China is the world's largest producer of many types of agricultural products. Recent years have been very favorable for the development of agriculture and the entire rural economy. In general, the success of the industry was provided mainly by a high grain harvest (435 million tons of grain in 1995 - the highest level of production in history). In addition, the harvest of cotton and oilseeds has increased. Great efforts are being made to develop agriculture and speed up the creation of bases for forest exploration.

Animal husbandry is also developing steadily, although pig breeding continues to be the main industry. To date, China ranks second in the world in meat production.

At the beginning of 1995, at the All-China Conference devoted to the problems of work in the countryside, seven main directions in the field of agriculture were identified: stabilization and improvement of the main directions economic policy to villages, all-round increase in investment in agriculture, full use of agricultural resources, development of agriculture with a focus on agricultural technology, reform of the structure of circulation of agricultural products, continued streamlining of the structure of agriculture, production and consumption, strengthening the macroeconomic regulation of agriculture.

The reform is based on the preservation of the main directions of agro-policy with the introduction of family order systems, with the existence various forms property and management, as well as the organization of small rural enterprises. 1995 was the first year of the implementation of the task of bringing the agro-industrial complex to the first place in economic work. Increased attention to the agro-industrial complex provides, first of all, an increase in investment in the industry. In addition, the practice of compulsory participation of peasants in irrigation construction and other types of agricultural work is being resumed in many provinces. Gave the first results of many years

targeted efforts to introduce high-yielding varieties of wheat and cotton.

Successes in the development of the economy contributed to the stabilization economic situation, reducing the contradictions between public demand and supply, saturating the market with agricultural products and lowering prices.

At present, agriculture is still the basis of the agro-industrial complex in China, and it ranks first in the world in the collection of rice, one of the first in the production of wheat and cotton.

The largest number of plants in the world is cultivated in the Celestial Empire. About 50 types of field crops, about 60 garden plants and about 80 horticultural species are grown in China every year. In addition, a significant part of Chinese land has been given over to animal husbandry. In general, 60% of the country's population works in this industry.

Plants: arable land and fields

What is the most popular culture in China? Anyone can answer this question. In China, rice is the head of everything. It is loved and appreciated there just as cereals are valued all over the world.

The following plantings occupy the largest share of arable land in China:

Cereals;
Corn;
Potato;
beans;
And much more.

Due to the variety of climatic zones, China can afford to grow the maximum variety of food, industrial and medicinal crops. Sugar beet, cane and cotton are prominent examples of plants used for further technical production.

Even in the Celestial Empire, many fruits and vegetables are successfully harvested. Soybeans and even peanuts are cultivated. The country is rich in black soil and lands with a different soil composition, so every plant in the fields of China will definitely find its place.

Animals and their content

The livestock sector occupies only 20% of all sectors of agriculture in China. Many Chinese living outside the city keep chickens and pigs in their subsidiary farms.

Pig breeding in this state has an industrial scale. China contains 40% of the world's total pig population. A large share in breeding is occupied by a bird. They also raise draft animals here. With such a variety of animals, there is still not enough meat for residents in China, the population of the country is too large, and the area for pastures is small.

The silkworm is bred in the southern and eastern regions. Chinese silk is one of the highest quality on the planet. There are also beekeeping farms in China.

Fisheries are found in this state even in rice fields. The Chinese turn coastal shallows into mini-farms for breeding shrimp, shellfish and beneficial algae.

How is agriculture done in China?

Many agricultural works are done manually by the Chinese. To prolong spring and summer for plants in China, greenhouses are widely used.

In warm regions of the country, it is sometimes possible to harvest three crops per year. The government encourages small business executives with subsidies, as their products are of the highest quality and are oriented to the domestic market.

The type of agriculture is determined by the relief of the area, and not by the desires of the landowners themselves. In the mountains, small private farms predominate, while, for example, in Heilongjiang province, the state takes care of rural work. There arable lands are more extensive, suitable for the use of technical devices.

General development perspective rural industry China is very favorable. All the land there is spent extremely rationally, sometimes options are thought up for combining several industries on one site.

The main problem of China is overpopulation. That is why in Chinese stores there is sometimes a shortage of meat products, which is more than offset by fish and rice. With the development of technology, farming methods are also improved, then crops can grow to unprecedented heights. But the implementation of this approach is still in the theoretical field and is poorly reproduced in practice in Chinese lands and regions.

Agriculture

Story

Harvest distribution

bok choy

food crops

fiber crops

animal husbandry

Fishing

Production

culture	volume production (tons)	volume production (tons)	volume of production (tons)
1.	Corn	113,180,000	304,770,000	508,390,000
2.	Cotton	444,000	2,167,000	3,831,000
3.	Oilseeds	2,564,000	5,218,000	26,012,000
4.	Sugar cane	2,642,000	21,116,000	74,700,000
5.	Sugar beet	191,000	2,702,000	8,640,000
6.	Fat tobacco	43,000	1,052,000	2,185,000
7.	Tea	41,000	268,000	676,000
8.	Fruits	1,200,000	6,570,000	62,376,000
9.	Meat	2,200,000	8,563,000	59,609,000
10.	Seafood	450,000	4,660,000	41,220,000

Problems

strawberry fields in

Yunnan

international trade

Government influence

Suppliers

Story

The development of agriculture throughout Chinese history played a key role in supporting population growth, today China has the most large population in the world. Analysis of stone tools by Professor Liu Li and others has shown that the origins of Chinese agriculture go back to the pre-agricultural Paleolithic period. During this time, hunters and gatherers used the same tools to collect wild plants that were subsequently used for millet and rice. Footnote error?: Incorrect call: no key provided

Remains of domesticated millet have been found in northern China at Xinglongwa, Houli, Dadian, Chishan, and a few at Peiligang. These sites cover the period 6250-5050 BC. Footnote error?: Incorrect call: key was not given. In Xinglongwa, millet made up only 15% of all plants that were used in 6200-5400 BC. e.; this figure changed by 99% between 2050-1550 BC that could demonstrate millet cultivation does not exist. Footnote error?: Invalid call: no key was specified

Excavations at Kuahuqiao, the earliest Neolithic sites in eastern China, have documented rice cultivation 7,700 years ago rice. It is possible that people in Kuahuqiao also cultivated wild rice. Footnote error?: Incorrect call: key was not given In Hemudu territory (circa 5500-3300 BC) in Yuyao and Banpo, near the city of Xi'an tools for harvesting millet and spade-shaped tools made of stone and bone were found. Evidence of settled rice cultivation has been found in the Hemudu area of Tianluoshan (5000-4500 BC), by which time rice was already becoming the mainstay of agriculture in the Majiban culture of South China. specified

There is also a long tradition of the involvement of agriculture in Chinese mythology. In his book Continuous Agriculture: The Farmers of the Forties (1911), Professor Franklin Hiram King described and sang about the values of traditional agricultural practices in China.

Improving the farming method

Due to China's status as a developing country and its acute shortage of arable land, agriculture in China has always been very labor intensive. However, throughout its history, many methods have been developed or adopted to increase agricultural output and production efficiency. They also used seeders to improve farming.

During the spring and autumn period (722-481 BC), there were two revolutionary improvements in agricultural technology. One of them was the use of cast-iron tools of pack animals to pull the plow, and the second was the large-scale development of rivers and the development of water-saving projects. Engineer Sunshu Ao, who lived in the 6th century BC. e. and Ximen Bao, who lived in the 5th century BC. e. are the two oldest hydraulic engineers in China, their work was aimed at improving irrigation systems. These advances were widespread during the subsequent Warring States period (403-221 BCE) and culminated in the construction of the Dujiangyan collosal irrigation system designed by Li Bing in 256 BCE. e. for the state of Qin in ancient Sichuan.

For agricultural purposes, the Chinese invented the hydraulically operated jackhammer in the 1st century BC during the Ancient Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD). Although it had other uses, its main function is to grind, clean and grind grain, otherwise it would be done by hand. The Chinese also invented the rectangular sump chain pump in the 1st century AD, which is powered by a water wheel or the action of oxen on a mechanical wheel system. Although the chain pump has found application in public works to provide water to city and palace piping systems, it was also widely used to raise water from lower to higher levels to fill irrigation canals and farmland canals.

During the Eastern Jin (317-420) and Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589), the Silk Road and other international trade routes further spread agricultural technology throughout China. Political stability and a growing labor force led to economic growth, people opened up large tracts of wasteland and built irrigation facilities to expand agricultural areas. Land use became more intensive and efficient, rice was grown twice a year, and livestock was used for plowing and fertilizing.

Under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), China became a unified feudal-agrarian society. Advances in agricultural engineering during this era included the development of the mouldboard plow and the watermill. Later, during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), cotton planting and weaving technology were widely adopted and improved.

While in 750 75% of the Chinese population lived north of the Yangtze River, by 1250 75% of the population already lived south of the river. This massive internal migration was made possible by the introduction of a fast maturing variety of rice from Vietnam that is suitable for multi-crop cultivation.

During the Qing, Ming and Yuan dynasties, there was an increase in the organization of collective assistance between farmers.

In 1909, in the United States, Franklin Hiram King, an agricultural professor, made an extensive tour of China (as well as Japan and briefly Korea) and described modern agricultural methods for that time. He positively described China's agriculture as "continuous agriculture" and his book The Farmers of the Forties was published posthumously in 1911, becoming an agricultural classic and lawyers' favorite guide to organic farming.

People's Republic of China

After the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese Civil War, control of agricultural land was taken from the landowners and redistributed among 300 million peasants. In 1952, the government, gradually consolidating its power after the civil war, began to organize the peasants into collectives. Three years later, these teams were merged into production cooperatives adopting the socialist model of collective land ownership. The government then formally took control of the land in 1956, further structuring farmland into large state-owned collective farms.

In 1958, the Great Leap Forward campaign initiated by Mao Zedong placed land use under more stringent state regulation to improve agricultural production. In particular, the sparrow eradication campaign had a direct negative impact on agriculture. Collectives were organized into communes, private food production was forbidden, and collective consumption became compulsory. Also, a lot of emphasis was placed on industrialization, instead of agriculture. The agricultural inefficiency created by this campaign led to the Great Chinese Famine, resulting in the deaths of 14 million people according to the government and between 20 and 43 million according to scientific estimates. Although private plots were reclaimed in 1962 due to this failure, the communes remained the predominant rural units. economic organization during the Cultural Revolution, with Mao's championed "learn from Tachai" campaign. The semi-literate party secretary Tachai Chen Yungi was among those outsmarted by Deng Xiaoping after Mao's death: in 1982-1985. Dajay-style communes were gradually replaced by parishes.

In 1978, the "four modernizations" campaign created a system of family responsibility for productivity, which dissolved the communes and gave responsibility for agricultural production to individual households. They now set quotas for the crops they must provide to their collective unit in exchange for tools, draft animals, seeds, and other necessities. Households that now lease land from their collectives are free to use their farmland as they see fit as long as they meet these quotas. This freedom provided more opportunities for individual families to meet their individual needs. In addition to these structural changes, the Chinese government is also involved in irrigation projects (such as the Three Gorges), runs large state-owned farms, and encourages mechanization and the use of fertilizers.

By 1984, with about 99% of the collective farm production teams adopting family responsibility for productivity, the government began further economic reforms, primarily aimed at liberalizing agricultural pricing and marketing. In 1984, the government replaced forced deliveries with voluntary contracts between farmers and the government. Later in 1993, the government abolished the 40-year-old grain rationing system, which resulted in over 90 percent of all annual agricultural products being sold at market prices.

Since 1994, the government has introduced a number of policy changes aimed at limiting grain imports and increasing economic stability. Among these policy changes was the artificial increase in grain prices above market levels. This led to an increase in grain production, placing the heavy burden of maintaining these prices on the government. In 1995, the "Government Grain Production Responsibility System" was established, in which provincial governors became responsible for balancing the supply of grain, as well as demand and stabilizing grain prices in their provinces. Later, in 1997, the Four Branches and One Perfection program was implemented in order to ease some of the monetary burden burdening the government on its grain policy.

As China continues to industrialize, vast areas of agricultural land are being converted into industrial land. Farmers forced to move as a result of this urban expansion often become labor migrants in factories, but another section of farmers feel disenfranchised and cheated by the encroachment of industry and the growing disparity between urban and rural wealth and income.

The newest innovation in Chinese agriculture is the push towards organic farming. This rapid implementation of organic agriculture simultaneously serves several purposes: safety food products, the health benefits, the possibility of exports, and the provision of price premiums for the products of rural communities can help stem the migration of rural workers to the cities. In the mid-1990s, China became a net grain importer as its unsustainable groundwater mining practices effectively removed a significant amount of land from fertile farmland.