Own farming: how to start a business? Where to start a farm, business plan What is needed to open a farm

And thanks to a number of government programs to support farming, and in some places the introduction of generous tax breaks, starting a farm is becoming quite an interesting and promising type of business even for indigenous residents of megacities. Very opportunely, the slogan of import substitution that has reigned in our country also increases this prospect.

The amount of investment for organizing a farm depends on the direction of activity you choose. There is a whole carload of options here, hence the wide range: for example, you can open an apiary for 500 thousand, a poultry farm for 1 million, but in order to organize a pig farm, you will need at least 3-6 million.

Where to get that kind of money? Many people talk about loans for farmers, but usually they are issued only to farms included in the agro-industrial complex development program, and besides, they still need a bunch of guarantors. However, there are other programs that allow you to take out a long-term loan for the development of your farm - here you have a loan term of 5 years, and reduced interest rates, and payments only starting from the 2nd year, when we get the first harvest. You can also try to rely on government subsidies, but, you know, it’s better to believe in yourself than in the state.

Before we begin

Where to start organizing a farm? Of course, with the choice of direction of activity! There are, as we already said, a whole train of options, but everything, in general, comes down to crop production and livestock farming. Take, for example, crop farming: you can grow vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, wheat and buckwheat. By the way, in the future, based on our own raw materials, it will be possible to establish decent production: for example, freezing fruits, making jams from them, and making flour and bakery products from grain crops.

Due to the fact that large areas of land are usually needed for crop production, many potential farmers turn their attention to livestock farming. For example, if you have money, you can start your farming business by breeding pigs: meat pig It grows in just 6-8 months and the cost per kilogram here is much less than, for example, with cows. Another interesting direction is raising turkeys and ostriches. Well, if your investments are tight, it’s better not to take risks and take some chickens or rabbits.

In general, of course, farming is such a thing that you shouldn’t put all your eggs in one basket. That is why large farms with multifaceted specialization are the most profitable and sustainable. Another thing is that creating such a farm from scratch is almost impossible - but if you get involved and want to develop your business further, you need to strive for this. For now, the main goal is to survive until the first profit, which can come in 6 months, and in 9, and only in a year.

Possible risks: crop production - natural disasters, livestock farming - diseases and epidemics, everything - a long wait for the first profit.

“Step-by-step instructions on how to open a farm”

Location

The first thing you should start with when opening a farm is land. Ideally, this should be its own site with utilities installed. If this is not yet available, you can turn to rental offers. You need to choose based on 1. area and 2. location. Here, in fact, everyone chooses for themselves: on the one hand, you want to stay close to the city and transport interchanges in order to sell products faster and save on logistics, and on the other hand, it would be nice to move away from civilization in order to ensure a better environment and save on rent . In general, look at the offers, look for a balance.

Also, when choosing a location, you should not forget about the specifics of your business: for example, if you decided on beekeeping, there should be fields with honey plants nearby. The presence of a reservoir is welcome, but engineering communications are strictly necessary: ​​carrying out anything and everything can cost so much and will provide you with so much running around that it will be easier and faster to buy a ready-made farm.

By the way, there are rumors that in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 81 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, citizens who have expressed a desire to organize a peasant farm are provided with plots of land and agricultural land almost for free. If you are interested in the state allocating you a piece of its municipal property, you can try submitting an application in which you need to indicate the requested right to lease, purpose of use, desired location, justification for size, lease term, terms of provision (for a fee or free of charge). You will receive a definitive answer within 14 days.

Equipment

It’s quite difficult to talk about the list now necessary equipment, because it directly depends on the type of farming you choose. For example, for beekeeping - these are hives, refrigerators, special clothing, and equipment for processing honey. For fields - seeds, top dressing, fertilizers, seeders, automatic watering systems and tractors with a full set of attachments. For cattle - feed, vitamin complexes, stove heating in the hangar so that the animals do not freeze in winter, and quite complex equipment: feed supply devices, dispensers, breast pumps, machines for collecting garbage and manure.

If you are going to start raising pigs, cattle or other types of livestock farming, you will have to pay special attention to the selection of animals. And here is our advice: even if you are opening a farm for the first time, buy only purebred animals. Specialized breeds usually have greater immunity, have all the vaccinations, quickly gain weight and enter the maturity stage - which means you will get your profit faster and spend much less on feed and maintenance.

Another tip: do not buy animals from abroad. Yes, farms, for example, from Holland, do supply excellent livestock, but they are usually quite demanding in terms of feeding and housing conditions. Of course, he’s unlikely to take a break from moving to Russia, but wouldn’t it be better to turn to domestic breeders and save on shipping?

Personnel

You can farm alone, involve your family (but no more than 3 people), or organize a couple of left assistants (but no more than 5 people). In principle, these 3-5 people are really enough to service a small farm: they will monitor the harvest and population, feed the plants and animals, and do the slaughtering and butchering. In the case of livestock farming, from time to time it is worth inviting a veterinarian and livestock specialist who will monitor the quality of the diet and maintain the health of your animals.

By the way, if we consider a farm as an association of citizens who jointly own property and carry out production and economic activities, then all property belongs to its members on the right of joint ownership. Of course, if one of your partners suddenly changes his mind and leaves the farm, the land and equipment do not belong to the division - but he has the right to demand monetary compensation from you. This means the following: you should not quarrel with your fellow farmers.

Documents and licenses

The procedure for opening a farm is indicated in Federal law dated June 11, 2003 N 74-FZ, which is called “On Peasant (Farm) Farming” (as amended on December 28, 2010 N420-FZ). The procedure is approximately this: you pay the state fee, fill out an application for registration with a notary, prepare a package of documents for the tax authorities, receive registration documents, register in all funds, receive a letter with statistics codes from Rosstat and open a current account. In addition, you will have to obtain special permits from firefighters, orderlies and territorial property management: farms, unlike private household plots, are subject to mandatory supervision.

Marketing

When opening a farm, you need to remember: selling agricultural products is sometimes no less difficult than producing them, so distribution channels need to be established in advance. Ideally, there should be several of them: own store V big city, retail chains and individual outlets, cafes and restaurants, processing organizations and wholesale companies. By the way, there is another option: farms can unite with each other, create associations and unions on a territorial and industry basis, as well as commercial and non-profit organizations. And here you can either delegate all sales issues to your colleagues, or create your own grocery chain or food bazaar. But that's a completely different story.

In general, your main clients are not retail buyers, but various types of organizations. This means that you do not need to print leaflets and hang up billboards, but you will have to call, negotiate, make concessions, look for compromises and build relationships with each of the buyers. And of course, do not forget about the sale of associated goods: dairy products, animal skins, wool, down and feathers will also find their buyers.

Resume

Organizing a farm recently can be considered a rather promising activity, which, in theory, is also generously supported by the state: here you have special programs and tax benefits, and subsidies, and even free land. Of course, in practice, not everything is so rosy, but it’s worth a try. The most important thing is not to make a mistake when choosing a direction of activity: choose something that is really interesting to you, that you can handle the investment and can service from your own pocket for at least six months, without expecting profit here and now. For small farm 3-5 people are enough, and the products can be sold both directly to retail chains and cafes, and to processing organizations with wholesale companies. Well, in the future, if you procrastinate, the business can be developed endlessly: develop new directions, organize own production, open your own sales points, etc.

Many novice businessmen are confident that there is nothing simpler and more profitable agriculture: in their opinion, it is enough to plant several hectares of land with any popular crop to make a huge profit. In fact, in terms of the complexity of organizing and coordinating production processes, a medium-sized farm approaches an industrial enterprise, and their planning is a necessary condition For successful management activities.

Therefore, it is very difficult to draw up a full-fledged business plan for a farm: in fact, the entrepreneur must develop a separate project for each type of agricultural activity, and then link these documents together and harmonize them with each other. Moreover, in the process of work, he will have to take into account such unpredictable values ​​as average yield, animal productivity, survival of young animals and daily feed consumption. Therefore, experienced farmers recommend calculating several scenarios to ensure that the enterprise will have a sufficient margin of safety for a negative set of circumstances.

Business Features

Urban residents most often imagine a farming business as a larger version subsidiary farming, in which all possible types of poultry run around the yard, goats, sheep, cows and pigs graze in the meadow at the same time, and any vegetables grow in the beds, from potatoes to eggplants. This opinion is only partly true: indeed, mixed-type farms are more viable and resistant to changes in the market situation, but their creation requires the involvement of a huge amount of financial and human resources.

Therefore, entrepreneurs starting a farming business from scratch limit themselves to one or two popular areas, concentrating all their efforts on them. The remaining types of activities are of a non-core nature and are intended rather to satisfy personal needs or form food base than to make a profit.

However, even in this case, farming work cannot be called easy: animals and plants require constant, sometimes round-the-clock care without holidays, vacations and weekends. Since it is almost impossible to cope with so many tasks alone, entrepreneurs have to look for voluntary or hired help. For this reason, a small farming business is considered a family enterprise: a person who is personally interested in the productivity of his work will work much more efficiently than an outside specialist.

Beginners who have no experience in agricultural activities often believe that growing plants, like raising animals, are industries that, in principle, cannot be unprofitable. However, in reality, these types of activities are accompanied by many risks and difficulties - for example, before starting a farming business from scratch, you need to consider that:

• Work processes have a pronounced seasonal nature, and the first income cannot be expected earlier than in 8–9 months;
• Yields, market saturation and the level of competition are affected by unpredictable weather factors;
• The demand for certain types of products is dictated by fashion trends;
• It is impossible to predict an increase or decrease in the level of prices for raw materials, seeds, fuels and lubricants, feed and fertilizers.

It should be understood that it is impossible to form an objective picture of the agricultural sector based on shortcomings and risks alone. Therefore, when developing a business plan for the development of a farm, it is also necessary to take into account the presence of the following positive factors:

• There are many programs to support the agricultural industry, providing tax breaks, payment of subsidies and grants, free allocation of land, compensation for the costs of setting up peasant farms and purchasing seed;
• As market prices for products increase, the income of the enterprise also increases;
• Hundreds of different directions are available to a beginning entrepreneur, and in some you can open a farming business with minimal investment;
• Peasant farm products are considered essential goods and are in constant market demand.

Registration of activities

Studying, it can be noted that a peasant farm is an analogue of an individual entrepreneur or LLC, which is created by one or more able-bodied citizens for the purpose of producing, processing and selling any agricultural products. Taking into account the family format of the enterprise stipulated by law, it is allowed to include:

• Spouses, their parents or children, brothers and sisters, as well as grandchildren, grandparents from a maximum of three families;
• Other able-bodied citizens who are not relatives of the founders of peasant farms, up to a maximum of five people.

Future members of the farm must hold a meeting of founders, agree on the charter of the enterprise and elect its leader, as well as form authorized capital Peasant farms by contributing monetary or material assets for a total amount of 10,000 rubles. The result of such a meeting of all participants is the conclusion of an agreement on the creation of a farm, containing such information as:

• Passport details of farm members;
• Decision on choosing the head of the peasant farm;
• Distribution of rights, responsibilities and powers between its members;
• The procedure for the formation of common property, the rules of ownership and disposal of it;
• The procedure for joining and leaving the association;
• Principles of distribution of farm income.

A peasant farm can be created even by one person, who automatically becomes its head. In this case, the procedure is significantly simplified: due to the absence of other co-owners, there is no need to form an authorized capital and enter into an agreement.

How to start a business: a farm is considered legitimate by the fact of carrying out not only the specified events, but also state registration SPD. This procedure includes paying the state fee, submitting the agreed package of documents to the Federal Tax Service, registering with the Pension Fund of Russia and opening a current account.

Choosing a direction

When looking for an idea for a farm business, the state does not limit the entrepreneur in any way - it is enough to remember that the main features of agriculture are the natural nature of production and the possibility of reusing the resulting product in technological process. Simply put, the cultivation of cucumbers belongs to this category, but their processing and canning no longer does. within the framework of a peasant farm:

Growing crops. Choosing specific types plants, you need to take into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the nature of the soil and the presence of demand in the local market. Peasant farms are most often cultivated:

• Cereals and grains - corn, millet, wheat, rye and barley, sunflower;
• Vegetables - tomatoes, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, carrots, potatoes;
• Fruits - pears and apples, plums, apricots and peaches, strawberries, melons;
• Greens - celery, onion, garlic, lettuce, sorrel, dill, parsley;
• Mushrooms - white mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, champignons, honey mushrooms.

Livestock and poultry farming. The popularity of the data is due to the demand for meat, milk, eggs, fluff, wool and skins. A farm can breed:

• Birds - chickens, turkeys, ducks, quails, exotic ostriches and peacocks;
• Ungulates - cows, pigs, goats, bulls, sheep, horses;
• Fur-bearing animals - rabbits, nutria, minks, chinchillas;
• Fish and crustaceans;
• Bees, worms or insects for food.

Related business. When raising cows, farmers receive additional income from processing milk into cottage cheese, sour cream or butter, and raising animals for meat allows them to diversify their product range with smoked meats, sausages and semi-finished products. You can also consider a business option such as a store farm products: Having your own outlet will help build an audience regular customers and increasing demand. The main condition for maintaining the status of a peasant farm in this case is a structural limitation on profits: the share of income from additional activities should be no more than 30% of the total amount.

To simplify organizational processes, a novice entrepreneur can use one of the ready-made farm business plans or order its development from one of the specialized companies. At the same time, the following areas are considered the most accessible and in demand among beginners:

• Poultry farming. First of all, we are talking about the meat of which is affordable price is one of the best in taste, and eggs are used in 80% of recipes for meat dishes and desserts. In addition, to raise 500–1000 birds, large premises are not needed, and feed consumption does not exceed 100 g per day for each adult;
• Pig farming. With intensive methods, after 7–8 months the animals reach a marketable weight of 110–120 kg: a small farm of 100–200 animals in this case pays for itself after selling only two or three offspring. At the same time, growing grain and vegetables yourself allows you to additionally save on the purchase of feed and increase the profitability of the enterprise;
• . This type of business is easy to start with keeping a small herd and gradually increase the number, offering customers such popular products as milk, cheese and wool. Thanks to the small size and unpretentiousness of animals, you can save on building a farm, and the omnivorous nature of animals allows the use of any food supply;
• Sheep breeding. involves making a profit from the sale of wool, lamb, fur and healthy sheep's milk. A significant disadvantage of this type of activity is the need to allocate sufficiently large areas for pastures;
• Cattle breeding. Even a small herd of 5-6 heads allows you to earn up to 30,000 rubles monthly from the sale of milk and dairy products. Bulls are successfully raised for meat: already at the age of 12 months, an animal weighing up to 400 kg can be sold for 25–35 thousand rubles;
• Vegetable growing. Entrepreneurs who have invested in the construction of heated greenhouse complexes receive three harvests annually and recoup millions of dollars in investments in less than two years. However, even by growing garlic in open ground you can earn about 900 thousand rubles in a year.

Search for a site

The process of creating an agricultural enterprise begins with the search for a fertile land plot, the size and type of which depend on the chosen type of activity. For example, it does not involve the use of large production areas, while growing wheat or potatoes is unprofitable on a scale of one or two hectares. To choose the right location for a farm, you need to take into account the following factors:

• If it is necessary to deliver over long distances, the cost of production increases significantly, so it is better to look for a site near large cities;
• If possible, you should avoid proximity to industrial enterprises and look for land in areas with good environmental conditions;
• A prerequisite is that the site must be able to connect to electrical networks and water supply;
• The livestock farm must have hay meadows and areas for planting grain, which will allow creating its own food supply;
• The required pasture area is calculated based on grazing standards for certain types of domestic animals;
• The presence of natural reservoirs on the site allows you to additionally engage in raising geese or fish farming;
• When adding an apiary to the farm, it is advisable to locate the hives close to the main growing areas of honey plants.

The cost of acquiring land is limited only financial capabilities entrepreneur - for example, a business plan for a farm may include the following options for obtaining a plot:

• Purchase (land cost starts from 7,500 rubles per hectare);
• Long-term lease (average rate - from 400 rubles per hectare per year);
• Free use of municipal lands with subsequent transfer of ownership if certain conditions are met.

Premises and equipment

The next step in setting up a farm is preparing production premises. Of course, sometimes there are plots of land with ready-made buildings on sale, but their cost is usually frankly overpriced, so an entrepreneur, as part of a business plan for a peasant farm, most often has to include the costs of setting up a farm from scratch. When listing the composition and purpose of the main structures, the following should be mentioned:

• Granaries and vegetable storages;
• Silos and sheds for storing hay;
• Manure pits;
• Premises and enclosures for animals and birds;
• Utility rooms, repair shops;
• Premises for slaughter and cutting of livestock and poultry;
• Greenhouse complexes.

The specifics of agricultural work require the use of certain equipment, which is conventionally divided into two groups: equipment that helps mechanize labor-intensive production processes, and devices used to provide comfortable conditions for keeping plants and animals. It should be noted that you cannot do without equipment at all: even such a simple business as one requires the purchase of incubators, brooders and cage batteries for chicks. In general, the following can be used on a farm:

1. Tractor with a full set of attachments;
2. Truck;
3. Diesel power plant;
4. Irrigation system with pumps;
5. Special lighting devices;
6. Heating system with gas or solid fuel stoves;
7. Ventilation systems for farms and greenhouses;
8. Refrigeration chambers for vegetables, fruits and meat;
9. Drinkers, feeders, water tanks;
10. Devices for preparing feed - grain crushers, feed cutters;
11. Standard agricultural tools.

Heavy equipment can be rented at the initial stage, and as the business develops, you can gradually acquire ownership of potato and grain harvesters, harrows, mowers, and cultivators.

Staff

Most aspiring entrepreneurs at the start prefer to make do on their own and with the help of family members. However, as the enterprise develops, the volume of current tasks increases significantly, as a result of which there is a need to attract not only qualified specialists, but also working personnel. For example, a business plan for a peasant farm specializing in livestock and crop production should include searching for and hiring:

• Agricultural technology, whose responsibilities include planning sowing and harvesting, monitoring compliance with plant growing technology;
• Zootechnics, which compiles the diet and feeding standards for animals, controls the conditions of their keeping and breeding;
• Veterinarian to monitor the health of animals and birds, vaccination and treatment, as well as to issue accompanying documents for products;
• A butcher involved in slaughtering livestock and cutting up carcasses;
• An accountant who conducts financial transactions at an enterprise;
• Drivers, combine operators, field workers, milkmaids.

Marketing methods

After harvesting, the farmer has to solve a less difficult task: look for quick and profitable ways to sell his products, which, given the short shelf life, sometimes turns into a real problem.

Depending on the production volumes of peasant farms, you can choose retail or wholesale distribution channels. The first include:

• Weekend fairs. Special events, the fashion for which has appeared in the capital, collect huge amount citizens and entrepreneurs. Here you can sell any agricultural products, with the exception of homemade meat and dairy products;
• Food markets. Many buyers are confident that markets sell better quality and natural products than supermarkets. With small and medium production volumes, farmers rent one or several points here, hire distributors and deliver fresh goods daily;
• Own retail outlets. The presence of a large city within reach makes you think about the feasibility of developing a business plan for a farm products store and consider the possibility of opening your own vegetable pavilion or butcher shop. In such outlets you can sell not only your own goods, but also the products of others. peasant farms.

Selling meat, milk or vegetables in bulk is much easier, since in this case the farmer does not have to spend time and resources on such non-core activities as finding a place to sell, obtaining permits and selecting sellers. The only drawback of this method is pricing policy buyers: in order to interest contractors, the entrepreneur is forced to provide them with a 25–35% discount, which is not always justified for farms with low profitability.

The main wholesale clients of peasant farms are resellers, retail chains, supermarkets and catering establishments. In addition, you can regularly sell fairly large volumes of products using such sales channels as:

1. Specialized exhibitions. Such events are often attended by intermediaries, representatives wholesale companies and processing enterprises in search of new partners, therefore, a high-quality presentation of your goods and farming capabilities will allow you to conclude profitable long-term contracts;
2. Government and commercial tenders. State, educational and medical institutions, as well as processing enterprises, are searching for suppliers on a competitive basis. To win the tender, the entrepreneur must guarantee regular supplies of the agreed quantity of products of the required quality at a competitive price;
3. Wholesale markets. You can also find clients at wholesale food markets and vegetable bases. Some farmers rent their own warehouse here, others hand over their goods for sale to local resellers;
4. Electronic platforms. There are many people working on the Internet trading platforms, where not only farmers, but also suppliers of fertilizers, seed, and equipment post their offers. Such electronic exchanges allow you to quickly find counterparties with the best offers.

Video on the topic

Investments and income

All other things being equal, mixed farms have certain advantages over specialized ones: even if the demand for one type of product falls, they avoid significant losses by selling other goods. However, to create such large enterprise will require at least large investments, therefore, for beginning entrepreneurs, the optimal path of development would be the implementation of two or three of the most popular business ideas with a phased coverage of related areas in the future.

In the process of designing an agricultural enterprise and determining the scale of investment, it is also necessary to take into account that the farmer will receive his first profit in 5–10 months at best. Thus, he will have to not only purchase equipment, seed and young stock, but also constantly purchase additional fertilizers, feed, fuel, and pay for utilities throughout the entire season. Summarizing the above, we can make a list of farming expenses:

• Acquisition of land and construction work;
• Purchase of equipment and agricultural machinery;
• Ordering seed or young stock;
• Payment for supplies of feed, fuel and fertilizers;
• Staff salaries;
• Rent of heavy equipment (if necessary);
• Payment of utilities;
• Tax payments;
• Marketing expenses;
• Product certification.

Thus, the cost of creating a medium-sized peasant farm from scratch reaches 7–10 million rubles. To reduce this amount, some entrepreneurs start by purchasing rural areas a small plot of 25–40 acres, on which residential and outbuildings. Using this area, you can open the following types of business:

Types of agricultural business

Direction	Investments, rub.	Profit, rub.	Payback period
Beekeeping	350000	600,000 per year	8 months
Pig breeding	600000	450,000 per year	18 months
Breeding crayfish	550000	450,000 per year	15 months
Rabbit breeding	1800000	500,000 per year	36 months
Nutria breeding	200000	250,000 per year	12 months
Geese breeding	380000	600,000 per year	12 months
Chicken breeding	650000	450,000 per year	18 months
Guinea fowl breeding	300000	270,000 per year	12 months
Quail breeding	450000	75000 per month	6 months
Turkey breeding	550000	600,000 per year	12 months
Growing cucumbers	1200000	600,000 per year	24 months
Growing champignons	850000	75000 per month	11 months
Growing oyster mushrooms	250000	30000 per month	9 months
Growing Garlic	150000	900,000 per year	12 months
Growing vegetables	400000	510000 per year	12 months
Growing green onions	280000	150000 per year	24 months
Growing Potatoes	700000	350,000 per year	36 months

Conclusion

Many enterprising people try their hand at areas close to agriculture: some are engaged in agriculture, others set up a greenhouse in their own apartment and sell indoor plants, others purchase summer cottages and plant garlic or herbs there. In such a situation, a gradual transition to full-time farming is logical.

However, you cannot rush in this matter: despite the high profitability, such a business is sensitive to the mistakes and miscalculations of beginners: it is enough to purchase seed of questionable quality or use the wrong fertilizers to lose the entire harvest. Therefore, only a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical experience will help an entrepreneur create a successful farm.

Farming is a popular type of business in rural areas. Nowadays there are farms in many localities. But the demand in the country for their products has not yet been satisfied. So the farm from scratch is still a promising business idea where you can make good money. But on one condition - that the farming business will be well planned and competently organized. This article will tell you how to do this.

Chickens, bees, milk...? Choosing the type of farm

To become a successful farmer, you first need to master the intricacies of farming and marketing farm products. And, of course, collect decent start-up capital. If you already have all this, it’s time to create a business plan called “How to open your own farm from scratch.”

And the starting point is to determine the type of activity. There are several directions in which modern farms operate. This:

1. Animal husbandry.
2. Poultry farming.
3. Beekeeping.
4. Dairy products.
5. Growing vegetables, herbs and fruits.

There are many examples of very profitable businesses in every industry. That is, you can earn decent money in any of these areas. Often the choice of farm type is based on the personal preferences of the entrepreneur. Some things turn out to be closer and clearer, more to your liking, but some types of farming you immediately want to give up.

Having decided what you will produce, think about the scale on which it will be. Focus on 2 factors:

1. Possibilities of your starting capital.
2. Sales opportunities.

After all, the larger the volume finished products, the more problems may arise with its implementation. Especially at first. Immediately identify potential distribution points and methods available in your region.

Popular destinations

Cows are the most popular destination

Many peasant families today keep several heads of large cattle. For them it's affordable option additional income for the sale of dairy products and meat. For some families this is the only source of income in rural areas.

The demand for these types of livestock products is consistently high. Perhaps you should also pay attention to this direction.

According to statistics, farm owners most often choose meat or dairy for their enterprise. There are more government requirements for milk production. And the costs for the dairy business will be higher than for the meat business.

The choice of cow breeds has many nuances. You need to carefully prepare for their purchase by studying as much information as possible. Learn more about the popular breeds in your area, carefully weighing the pros and cons of each. Keep in mind that there are meat breeds and there are dairy breeds. If funds are limited, you can buy heifers and keep them for 1-2 years. If there are 10 or more cows, a bull will be needed to fertilize them. For smaller quantities, artificial insemination is suitable.

We legalize your business: state registration

Officially, a farm from scratch begins with state registration of the enterprise.

Every farm owner is required to legitimize his business by opening an individual entrepreneur or LLC. Most often, the first option is chosen as it is simpler and more profitable in terms of taxation.

If you plan to supply products to retail chains, first get the go-ahead from Rospotrebnadzor and firefighters. You will also need a land lease agreement.

Since food is produced on farms, the owners must have documents confirming its decent quality. If we are talking about meat production, it is necessary to obtain a veterinary examination.

Farm space

Choosing a location for a farm requires a careful and unhurried approach. It is worth searching for it in advance. Many offers today can be viewed without leaving home via the Internet. Specialized agencies are ready to provide assistance in this matter.

But there is no need to rush into concluding an agreement. It is important to obtain more information about the land itself. There are moments that sellers or landlords are silent about. But local residents willing to share what they know. So, if possible, visit the places you like in person and ask the local population.

When choosing a site, you should pay attention to such parameters as soil characteristics, pasture capacity, vegetation, availability and cost of storage.

You can buy land with everything you need to operate a farm. There are plots that are sold with sheds, fences and under.

Room

The size of the room needed is different in each case. It depends on the scale of the young enterprise and the direction of its activities. There are several general requirements:

1. Warmth and cleanliness in the room

In winter, you need to especially monitor the temperature. It is important that the room is at least 17 degrees Celsius and maintains normal humidity. And no drafts. This is not only inhumane to the animals, but also leads to loss of profit. The room also needs access to fresh air.

1. Correct layout

On the farms different types she is different. For example, if you are raising poultry, you will need to install cages. In the case of cattle, stalls and feeders will be needed. Devices for cleaning manure will differ when raising different animals.

1. Water

To raise animals you will need a lot of water every day. The premises should be provided with it in abundance.

Equipment

This item of expenditure usually turns out to be the most expensive. It will require substantial investments - at least 2 million rubles. You can’t open a farm right away by purchasing everything you need. You will have to wait and allocate time for installation. It happens that this process takes several months.

For a cattle farm, you need to purchase fencing, drinking bowls, feeders, materials for stalls and mechanisms for removing manure. Immediately consider the need to prepare food for the winter. Of course, it’s easier to buy it, but it will cost more. To harvest on your own, you will need equipment (tractor, mower, trailers, loading and unloading devices, etc.).

For dairy business it is necessary to purchase milking equipment and select more spacious premises. After all, you will have to keep the calves somewhere, do the milking, supply the milk, and place the cows that are not being milked.

You shouldn’t buy everything at once, the best and the most expensive. It would be wiser to buy only what you need at first, and not what you want. Over time, you will gain experience and better understand what your farm is missing. Farms are often developed in stages over 5-10 years. To save money, farm equipment can be purchased at auctions.

Sales options

Before you open a farm from scratch, think about possible options sales

The farm can sell its products in two directions:

1. Local markets.
2. Trading networks.

Constantly think about the question: how to reduce the cost of production while maintaining the same quality of products? Inexpensive food products significantly increase the chances of gaining a strong foothold in the market.

Personnel: how to provide work for the whole family and neighbors

Farming is most often a family business

Often, the farm is run not only by its owner and organizer, but also by his entire family. Food production in our country is traditionally a family business, in which several generations are employed, as well as close and distant relatives of the family.

If you have a family, discuss this issue with them in advance. Of course, a family farm is more profitable than hired labor. Each employee has a personal interest in the success of the business and will work conscientiously. And there are savings on staff salaries. At first, after opening, this will be very useful.

If the farming business becomes a family affair, there is a greater chance of receiving preferential conditions from the state. Now there is government programs specifically for creating family farms. For example, to open such a farm, you can get a loan on preferential terms.

Expenses, investments, profits

Those who are just interested in how to open a farm should know one significant advantage of this business. It is promising because it constantly receives support from the state. Much is being done to increase the number domestic producers food products. They receive good incentives for development in the form of benefits, subsidies, free land, financial resources to start. Find out more about these programs. You may also be able to get help from the government.

In general, the initial costs will be something like this:

Table. Capital investments

On average, the farm receives income from 200 thousand to 2 million rubles per year. The payback period for the farm is from 1.5 to 3 years.

Nowadays food prices are rising. What benefits farmers? And those who pay due attention to this issue have no problems with sales. Moreover, there are no restrictions on access to the sales market for a national manufacturer. Domestic food products are in demand and are in constant demand. So the farming business is a great chance to earn money and contribute to the domestic economy.

For those wishing to open their own business, it is becoming increasingly difficult to do so in the city. Profitable types businesses have tough competition. But you can start your own business in the village. One of the advantages of starting a farm is the small investment. We will try to tell you how to start farming from scratch.

To support business in rural areas, the state is implementing several programs that are aimed at supporting agricultural business owners. Tax incentives have also been introduced. Thanks to this, farm work becomes promising.

Where to start?

The first step to opening your own farm is to develop a detailed and competent business plan. It is necessary, at least roughly, to calculate all the costs, get qualified advice from knowledgeable specialists, and plan all actions. Ready business plan farming is your guiding thread. A successful start is half the success. All problems that arise will be resolved in due time.

Do you need a plot of land is your first practical task. There are two options - rent a suitable plot or buy it. The second option is more profitable in the future. Renting land is dangerous because the owner may refuse to renew your lease at the most inopportune moment. In the regions, the price of one hectare of land is approximately 2-4 thousand rubles. Even if you do not have large savings, the required amount will be available to you.

The first step is to find a suitable plot of land

After solving the problem of finding suitable land, decide what exactly you want to do. The most well-known areas of agricultural activity are breeding cows, pigs or poultry, growing vegetables and fruits, berries and melons, and fish farming.

Choosing one direction for a beginner in the agricultural business will probably be more correct. Experts advise starting with vegetables. As you develop your business, you will add new directions. Since high profitability is shown by farms that combine different types directions.

Beginners can start growing vegetables

Whatever type of activity you choose, there is always additional profit that you can make from it. Having your own raw materials, you can set up your own production. For example:

1. Growing fruits, berries and vegetables. Additional profit is the sale of frozen vegetables and fruits.
2. Raising pigs or cattle. You can start producing your own products - stews, sausages, deli meats. Raising cows will allow you to produce dairy products for sale.
3. Growing grains. Producing your own flour and cereals, maintaining your own bakery where you can bake all kinds of baked goods.

This list is approximate. You can add many more items to it. It depends on your desire to earn money, your capabilities and imagination. And, of course, do not forget about one important point - you need to take care of the sales market in advance. If you are new to business and don’t have sales skills yet, you can hire an experienced specialist. He will search for buyers and conclude contracts.

Many people are of the opinion that life in the village and farming are irrelevant. But think about it - after all, every day on store shelves we see the products of small private farms. In rural conditions, it is sometimes easier to earn money than in the city. By combining different types of agricultural production, you can get by with relatively low costs.

How to become a farmer? This business is not limited to simply raising pigs, chickens and cows and growing vegetables. This the whole system. It implies the presence of a business plan for a farm with official registration of activities. In addition, there is a well-thought-out system for regulating expenses and income.

Farming from scratch: how to start?

As you know, a business always starts with an idea - regardless of the scale. The one who decided to open own farm, must, first of all, decide on a suitable direction. On a farmstead you can engage in both crop production and livestock farming. The main thing is to think through everything correctly and create a successful combination.

That is why a thorough study of the characteristics of the production of various crops and raising animals will be required. Before becoming a farmer, you should learn about the incompatibility of individual areas. In particular, the cultivation of certain fruit crops It is strictly contraindicated to produce near areas where cattle are kept.

Once you have decided where to start farming, you will need to think about the material and monetary resources that will be required. future business. Everything should be provided for - from the primary financial investments before arranging premises for keeping animals, organizing the farm territory, purchasing feed and fertilizers. In addition, the future economy will require mandatory registration. Most often, such activities are carried out in the form of individual entrepreneurs.

Farming: types of activities

If you decide to open a livestock farm, the farm will provide you with meat, milk, eggs and leather. In addition, no one will prohibit combining raising animals, crop farming, fish farming or beekeeping. The main thing is to remember that all animals will require care of the proper quality and adherence to sanitary standards.

Let's take a little closer look at exactly what directions can take place for an individual entrepreneur in a peasant farm.

We breed piglets

Pork is always in demand on the market and costs a lot. This business is quite profitable, because if you take this area seriously, with good care you can get up to 30 piglets from one sow within a year. Each adult pig- this is about 200 kilos of meat and lard.

For breeding, piglets are usually purchased at one month of age. They are less susceptible to disease and adapt well to new conditions. The room for them (pig sty) should be kept clean, insulated in winter period and be sure to provide vents. Crowding is contraindicated for animals. They are fed according to a schedule, with pauses not exceeding eight hours.

The food is greens (in large quantities), meat and dairy products and special feed for pigs. One pig can be purchased for an amount from 3,500 to 5,000 rubles. It depends on its breed, age and area of ​​animal husbandry. You can breed pigs by starting with purchasing a pair of healthy piglets.

Goats, cows, horses and sheep

In summer they are all able to feed on grass. They will need soft hay for the winter. good quality. For feeding, horses are given oats, and cows are given mixed feed.

The yield of a good dairy cow is up to 30 liters of milk daily. From one goat you can get from 5 to 8 liters, and the cost of goat milk is higher, since it is considered a delicacy.

Horses are most often used as draft power. Sheep are bred for their meat, which is also considered a delicacy. As for sheep, their wool has long been considered the most valuable material. Breeding both goats and sheep is one of the most popular and profitable types of business in agriculture.

Rabbits

Both fur and meat are obtained from them. At the same time, the animals are quite unpretentious in terms of keeping and breeding. A rabbit farm is a system of enclosures, cages, pits or sheds. The choice of premises for keeping is a personal matter for the farmer. However, certain conditions must be adhered to:

• Keep animals away from direct sun rays and drafts.
• Provide adequate feeding.
• Don't forget about timely vaccination.
• Maintain cleanliness in the cages and provide the animals with high-quality drinking water on time.
• Remember the optimal temperature regime.

The diet for rabbits combines a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables in season with concentrated dry food. Hay and grass are quite suitable for feeding them.

Fish farming

These days this business is one of the most profitable. But doing it requires certain knowledge, as well as considerable investment. Agricultural enterprises such as fish farms are most often set up on the basis of artificial ponds, which can be of different types. It depends on the volume of production and preferred types. Due to the need for a large area for constructing a pond, the cost of this business may be overwhelming for a beginning farmer.

Who can you most often meet in an artificial pond? Carp, crucian carp, pike perch, silver carp, carp and tench. Although pond fish are able to provide themselves with food, they still cannot do without feeding. Bran, cake, and mixed feed are used as it.

Starting around May, the fish are fed on “feeding tables”, which are heavy square-shaped wooden trays measuring approximately 50 x 50 cm. Each hectare of pond will require at least four of these “feeding tables” for fish.

Beekeeping

With the right approach, the profit from an apiary can be quite good. In addition, bees pollinate fruit plants. How are such agricultural enterprises organized? The location for the apiary is selected based on the principle of being deserted and remote from roads, close to the areas where honey plants are grown.

Then it is necessary to install hives with 12-24 frames, as well as an omshanik (winter hive). The beekeeper can buy hives or make them himself. To do this, the beekeeper will need a workbench, hand or power tools. Bees can be purchased both in bee packages and in full families.

Poultry breeding

It can be the most common - in the form of chickens, geese, turkeys and ducks. Or quite exotic for our area. We are talking about breeding partridges, pheasants, guinea fowl, peacocks and even ostriches. The choice of breeds depends on the market in which the farmer wants to establish himself.

Where to start farming if you decide to start poultry farming? The most unpretentious option is the usual raising of chickens. These birds are inexpensive and unpretentious. From them you can get environmentally friendly eggs and high-quality chicken meat. There is somewhat less demand for ducks, geese and turkeys, but their cost is several times higher.

If you are thinking about breeding guinea fowl, pheasants and peacocks, then know that this is quite an expensive activity, and you will most likely have to sell them to private buyers or restaurants.

To raise poultry, you will need to acquire an incubator, special winter-insulated enclosures, feeders, trays, as well as a certain space for walking. Most often, farmers purchase couples for divorce, or a certain number of young offspring, which are subsequently raised. Another option is to purchase eggs and put them in an incubator. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

To feed young chicks you will need cereals, boiled eggs, herbs, cottage cheese, insects, as well as special feed mixtures. The diet of adults is almost the same. Their menu is dominated by grain - wheat, barley, oats. Vitamins and minerals should be added to the feed mixture.

Growing plants

Crop farming has always been and remains one of the current areas of rural business. After all, vegetables, fruits and berries are an irreplaceable component in the diet of any person. In addition, it is quite possible to grow flowers in farm conditions. The flower business has high profitability(from 70% to 300%).

The approximate amount of initial investment is from half a million rubles. With them you can rent land, purchase cuttings, incandescent lamps for greenhouses, which must maintain a constant microclimate and have well-fertilized soil.

Returning to the cultivation of herbs and vegetables, it is worth noting that their choice for farming is very diverse. Unpretentious species, such as potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, etc., do not need any special conditions. If you are planning to start growing herbs, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, tomatoes and zucchini, you cannot do without greenhouses during the cold season.

Their construction, along with renting land, will require quite serious investments. The cost of seeds will be relatively small. In addition, in subsequent years you will provide them for yourself. The payback period for vegetable growing is quite fast. Already this year you can get your first serious harvest. If you can’t decide where to start farming, vegetable growing may be the best option.

We grow mushrooms, berries and fruits

For mushroom farming, the most unpretentious (albeit expensive) are truffles. And the most common are champignons and oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are bred in a special room where an even microclimate is maintained, in bags filled with mycelium and straw. You will spend from one and a half to two thousand rubles on truffle seedlings. Much cheaper you can buy a base for growing champignons and oyster mushrooms.

If you are going to grow strawberries, you cannot do without greenhouses. A number of varieties are also grown in open ground. Such a business will require starting capital of about 100,000 rubles. Add another quarter of that for monthly expenses.

Raspberries are grown according to a different principle. Seedlings are purchased for it and the site is prepared. It is practiced in the summer season; in the winter, the bushes are buried in order to protect them from frost.

Cherries, sea buckthorn or apples are grown in specially designated garden plots. You will need to purchase seedlings and a special film for covering for the winter. You will expect a harvest from young trees next year at best. The fruit and berry business is profitable at a level of about 60-100%.

How to register your activity

Where to start farming legally? Every business needs registration, and agricultural is no exception. The stages of the procedure consist of paying the state fee, notarizing the corresponding application, preparing and submitting a package of documents to the Federal Tax Service. Next, you should wait for the finished documents to be issued, go through the registration procedure with the necessary funds and receive a letter from Rosstat containing statistics codes. Of course, you should also take care of opening a bank account.

We rent land

You can arrange for renting a plot of land before the procedure legal registration. The rental application is submitted to the local administration. After the case is reviewed, you will receive information about where the proposed site is located. You will need to call representatives of the land management organization there. They will conduct land surveying and determine the exact boundaries of the site. Then the land is registered in the cadastral register and a corresponding passport is issued.

After this, the documents are again sent to the administration, which issues a decision on the transfer of the site. In addition, registration of the lease agreement will be required.

The state will help us

In recent years, helping young farmers has been a priority for the state. Now it is easy to get a grant for the development of such a business, the amount of which can range from one to four million rubles. It may be intended specifically for the creation of a farm or have a lump sum payment for a household device.

This money is purposefully given to a beginning farmer for renting or purchasing land, developing a project, purchasing the necessary equipment, carrying out the required utilities, as well as purchasing materials for planting, animals, feed and fertilizers.

Who can claim such a payment?

Money is paid to citizens of the Russian Federation of working age, heads of farms and peasant farms whose registration period is less than 24 months. In this case, it is necessary to have education and at least three years of experience in the field of agriculture.

The package of documents that needs to be prepared consists of a business plan for the farm, a breakdown of expenses with prices. Size own funds that will need to be invested in this case must be at least 10% of the grant amount. The recipient is required to create three or more jobs and spend the funds issued within 12 months from the date of issue.

Grants are issued based on the results of competitions, during which young entrepreneurs must prove the profitability and relevance of their future business. Such support can be considered an excellent way to solve the problem of initial capital investment. If payment is refused, there are other options for assistance from the state - in particular, in the form of a farm loan. In addition, various government subsidy options are possible.

Summing up

Modern business in the field of agriculture is not at all the same as the idea of ​​​​which is firmly rooted in the heads of many (a hard and dirty job, low-income and thankless). These days, farms are equipped with the most advanced equipment. The most advanced technologies are used in raising animals and plants. It is quite possible to maintain cleanliness and the desired microclimate in premises for breeding birds and livestock. Most operations can be automated, which will greatly facilitate farm work.

Financial support from the state is especially important in the current crisis. It allows farmers to develop their business. In addition, due to the widespread development of a network of cafes, restaurants and numerous private shops, as a rule, there are no problems with the sale of finished products.