September 8 International Literacy Day presentation. Class hour "September 8 - International Literacy Day". History and traditions
"Theory of the origin of life" - Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Miller and Urey's experience. Spontaneous life. The experiment was repeated several times in 1953-1954. Spores of microorganisms settled on a curved tube and could not penetrate into the nutrient medium. Theory of biopoiesis. Subsequent rains dissolved the polypeptides. Panspermia. It was held in 1953 by Miller and Urey.
"Hypothesis of A.I. Oparin" - The primary atmosphere of the Earth had a restorative character. Hypothesis of the origin of life by A.I. Oparin. General conclusions on the theory of A.I. Oparin. Experiments by G. Urey and S. Miller (1955). Abiogenic synthesis of the simplest organic compounds from inorganic ones. Stages of the origin of life on Earth. The emergence of the genetic code, the membrane and the beginning of biological evolution.
"Development of the organic world" - Duration: FROM 408 TO 360 MILLION. Archean era. Duration: FROM 248 TO 213 MILLION Duration: FROM 25 TO 5 MILLION. In the warmer regions of the globe, there are vast steppes. Mesoic era. Silurian. The first multicellular animals arose 900-1000 million years ago. Ordovician period. Duration: FROM 0.01 MILLION
"Development of the Earth" - Resting on the shore, we took refuge from the scorching heat in the shade of a saxaul forest, stretching near the water. HALL 1 Practical work: 1. Examine the proposed exhibits. 2. Determine: a) Which specimens are fossil remains of organisms (fossils) b) Which specimens are reconstructable. 3. Formulate a conclusion: Why is it necessary to study the fossil remains of organisms? 4. From the proposed letters, add up the name of the science that studies ancient fossils.
"The Origin of Life" - Biochemical evolution. Theory of a steady state. spontaneous generation of life. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. Theories of the origin of life. The work was prepared by a student of 10 "A" class. Creationism. Experiments of Louis Pasteur. Dmitryukova Ekaterina. The theory of panspermia. Each molecule has a specific structural organization.
"Lifespan" - For one unit of physical time, a unit of mass increases by cm (t) units of mass. Determination of q(t) and tmax for birds. Approximation of the dependencies w(M) and (qcrit/q0)(M). The unit of physiological time has the dimension [energy/mass/time]. The most rigorous definition was given by J. - The unit of internal time ([T]).
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The evolution of primates. The first stages of anthropogenesis
Primates are one of the most progressive orders of placental mammals, including, among other things, monkeys and humans. The order includes more than 400 species
Relationship between humans and great apes
Relationship between man and great apes Man and great apes Similarities Differences large body size, absence of a tail spine) the chest is expanded to the sides due to labor activity the thumb is well developed and more opposed to the rest of the fingers in connection with speech, the chin is developed, similar forms of the auricle, chewing surfaces of the molars of the 4th blood group, 5 lobes in the lungs, 7-8 papillae in the kidney, vermiform appendix similar diseases (AIDS, syphilis, leprosy) similar facial expressions, emotions, complex behavior similarities of the genome (91% with chimpanzees) 2) Brain and mental processes: The volume of the brain is 2 times larger, the volume of the cortex is 3 times larger due to convolutions. Development of the second signaling system - speech Abstract thinking
Primates Inferior (semi-monkeys) Monkeys lemurs tarsiers tupai broad-nosed (New World monkeys) Narrow-nosed (Old World monkeys) Anthropids Pongids Hominids? ? Gibbons Monkeys http://antropogenez.ru/extant-primates/
unspecialized insectivorous mammals Ancient primates Gibbons Orangutans Dryopithecus chimpanzee gorilla human?
Dryopithecus originated about 30 million years ago. Like other hominids, they had rather large brains, and long and agile hands were perfectly adapted for hanging and swinging from branches. Outwardly, these monkeys resembled chimpanzees, but from the arm they were proportionately shorter (only slightly longer than the legs). They gave three branches, which led to the chimpanzee, gorilla and man.
Related driopithecus species - Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus - are described from the deposits of Africa and India. All driopithecus species died out about 9 million years ago.
Until recently, the Asian genera Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus were considered contenders for the role of our ancestors. Now our most likely ancestor seems to be the African driopithecus (Kenyapithecus), who lived in Kenya about 14 million years ago. Even then, Dryopitheocus had features that predetermined the path of anthropogenesis: the high development of the central nervous system, good color binacular vision and grasping limbs - not only the front, but also the back. This legacy of the arboreal life of the first primates came in handy when the ancestors of man entered a new stage - the Australopithecus.
Australopithecus ("Southern monkey") The discoverer of Australopithecus, who gave the name, the English anatomist R. Dart found in 1924 in South Africa the skull of a baby of this monkey). The time of formation of Australopithecus is attributed to the period from 9 to 5 million years ago.
Features of Australopithecus Brain volume 600 cc; They could run on two legs, freeing their hands; The facial part of the skull is larger than the brain; Superciliary arches; Perhaps they used tools that they picked up in nature; Most likely they lived in packs; Decreased body hair; The shape of the pelvis changes (it becomes narrower)
Now the remains of one of the early Australopithecus, the Afar one, found by D. Johanson in Ethiopia, are well studied. This is a relatively small (110-120 cm) monkey with a bipedal gait and teeth similar to human veins 3.5-4 million years ago.
The first representative of the genus Homo or Australopithecus? In 1962, in the Olduvai volcanic gorge in Tanzania, English scientists M. Leakey and L. Leakey found the remains of the skeleton of the original Australopithecus. Key features: Brain capacity 642 cc; The ability to make primitive tools (choppers (cuts)).
Time Homo habil e s - 2.5 - 1.4 million years ago There is an opinion: perhaps it was a skilled person who first mastered the fire.
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Features of teaching music at the first stage of education in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education
Features of teaching the subject "Music" in primary school, an innovative approach to teaching the subject, the use of new methods for the development of schoolchildren in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO ...
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Events of biological evolution The emergence of photosynthesis and aerobic type of metabolism should be considered the emergence of eukaryotes and multicellularity. As a result of mutually beneficial cohabitation - symbiosis - of various prokaryotic cells, nuclear, or eukaryotic, organisms arose.
Essence of the symbiosis hypothesis The main basis for symbiosis was a heterotrophic amoeba-like cell. Oxygen-breathing aerobic bacteria capable of functioning inside the host cell could become food objects of the cell, producing energy. Large amoeboid cells in the body of which aerobic bacteria remained unharmed turned out to be in a more advantageous position than cells that continued to receive energy by aerobic fermentation. Subsequently, symbiont bacteria turned into mitochondria.
The appearance of flagella and cilia. As a result, the mobility and ability to find food of the body increased dramatically. Primitive animal cells arose, the precursors of living flagellar protozoa. The structure of the pigment complex in photosynthetic anaerobic bacteria is strikingly similar to the pigments of green plants. The emergence of eukaryotic cells through a series of successive symbioses is well substantiated and accepted by many scientists.
The possibilities of eukaryotes The possibilities of eukaryotes are due to the fact that organisms with a nucleus have a diploid set of genes. Each of them is presented in two versions. The appearance of a double set of genes made it possible for different organisms belonging to the same species to exchange copies of genes - the sexual process appeared. About 2.6 billion years ago, when organisms appeared, the evolutionary possibilities of which are much wider - multicellular organisms.
First attempt at the origin of multicellular organisms. Based on the biogenetic law, E. Haeckel believed that each stage of ontogeny repeats some stage passed by the ancestors of a given species during phylogenetic development. The zygote stage corresponds to a unicellular ancestor, the blastula stage corresponds to a spherical flagellate colony. In accordance with this hypothesis, one of the sides of the spherical colony was invaginated and a hypothetical two-layer organism was formed, called Haeckel of Tours, because it looks like a gastrula. The theory of gastrea played an important role in the history of science, as it contributed to the approval of monophyletic ideas about the origin of multicellular organisms.
Confirmation of the phagocytella hypothesis Confirmation of the phagocytella hypothesis is the structure of a primitive multicellular organism, Trichoplax. Russian scientist A.V. Ivanov established that trichoplax in its structure corresponds to a hypothetical creature - phagocytella and should be distinguished into a special type of phagocytella-like animals, filling the gap between multicellular and unicellular organisms.
