Download presentation on polysaccharides. Chemistry presentation on the topic "polysaccharides". has a linear structure
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DEFINITION OF POLYSACCHARIDES Polysaccharides is the general name for a class of complex high-molecular carbohydrates, the molecules of which consist of tens, hundreds or thousands of monomers - monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are essential for the life of animals and plant organisms. They are one of the main sources of energy resulting from the metabolism of the body. They take part in immune processes, provide adhesion of cells in tissues, and are the bulk of organic matter in the biosphere.
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TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES dextrin is a polysaccharide, a starch hydrolysis product; starch is the main polysaccharide deposited as an energy reserve in plant organisms; glycogen is a polysaccharide deposited as an energy reserve in the cells of animal organisms, but is also found in small quantities in plant tissues; cellulose is the main structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls; galactomannans - storage polysaccharides of some plants of the legume family, such as guar and locust bean gum; glucomannan - a polysaccharide obtained from konjac tubers, consists of alternating units of glucose and mannose, a soluble dietary fiber that reduces appetite; amyloid - used in the production of parchment paper. Polysaccharides include, in particular:
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Cellulose and Starch A. Cellulose Cellulose, a linear homoglycan built from glucose residues linked at the β(1→4) position, is the most abundant organic compound. In the cell walls of plants, cellulose makes up 40-50%, and in such an important raw material as cotton fiber - 98%. Natural cellulose has high mechanical strength and is resistant to chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. These properties are associated with the conformation of molecules and the features of the supramolecular organization. B. Starch Starch, a widely distributed reserve polysaccharide in plants, is the most important carbohydrate component of the diet. Starch is deposited in the form of microscopic granules in special organelles, amyloplasts. Starch granules are practically insoluble in cold water, but they swell strongly in water when heated.
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Polysaccharides
POLYS A CHARIDES Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) are carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed to form simple carbohydrates and their number of carbon atoms is not equal to the number of oxygen atoms C m H 2p O p. Polysaccharides include: (C 6 H 10 O 5) n - cellulose, starch, glycogen
Polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides. Large sizes make their molecules practically insoluble in water; they do not affect the cell and are therefore convenient as spare substances. If necessary, they can be converted back to simple sugars by hydrolysis. The most important of the polysaccharides are starch, glycogen (animal starch), cellulose (fiber).
STARCH Physical properties. Starch is a white powder that does not dissolve in cold water, swells in hot water and forms a paste. Finding in nature. Starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis in plants and is deposited in roots, tubers, seeds. Its second name is "potato flour".
Potato contains 20% starch
Corn is 70% starch
Wheat is also 70% starch.
In rice and other cereals up to 80% starch
Starch production In industry, starch is obtained from potatoes or corn. The potatoes are washed and chopped on mechanical graters. The crushed mass is washed on sieves with water. Starch grains pass through a sieve along with water and settle at the bottom of the vat. The starch is then dried.
The structure of starch. Starch is a natural polymer, a polysaccharide. (C 6 H 10 O 5) n - molecular formula n - from several hundred to several thousand. Starch molecules are made up of α-glucose molecules. In space, starch molecules form 2 structures: linear branched
Linear structure
Branched structure
Chemical properties starch 1) Hydrolysis (discovered by Kirchhoff in 1811) (C 6 H 10 O 5) n + n H 2 O → n C 6 H 12 O 6 α - glucose Hydrolysis of starch proceeds when heated in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid. 2) Qualitative reaction for starch - Starch + iodine → blue color
1. In the food industry
2. In medicine (for the production of tablets, powders, pastes, thick ointments)
3. Adhesive production
APPLICATION OF STARCH: 4) For starching linen. 5) To obtain glucose.
In the animal world, the role of "reserve starch" is played by a polysaccharide related to starch - glycogen. Glycogen is found in all animal tissues. Especially a lot of it in the liver (up to 20%) and in the muscles (4%). Glycogen is a white amorphous powder, highly soluble even in cold water. The glycogen molecule is built like starch molecules, differing only in greater branching. The molecular weight of glycogen is in the millions.
Cellulose is also a polymer of glucose. It contains about 50% of the carbon contained in plants. In terms of total mass on Earth, cellulose ranks first among organic compounds.
The structure of cellulose (C 6 H 10 O 5) n n - from several hundred thousand to several million Cellulose macromolecules consist of β-glucose molecules, in space they form linear structure.
Found in nature Cellulose is a biopolymer consisting of glucose residues - a valuable source of glucose, but its breakdown requires the cellulase enzyme, which is relatively rare in nature. Therefore, only some animals (for example, ruminants) eat cellulose.
Finding cellulose in nature Wood - 50% Linen - 80% Cotton - 98% Cotton wool, filter paper - 100% cellulose.
Physical properties Cellulose is a hard, fibrous substance that does not dissolve in water and organic solvents. Cellulose can be dissolved in a mixture of solvents (conc. ammonia solution + copper hydroxide solution + conc. zinc chloride solution).
Chemical properties 1) Combustion (C 6 H 10 O 5) n + 6n O 2 → 6n CO 2 + 5n H 2 O + Q 2) Hydrolysis (C 6 H 10 O 5) n + n H 2 O → n C 6 H 12 O 6 β - glucose Hydrolysis of cellulose proceeds when heated in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid.
3) Interaction with acids a) with nitric acid - nitration of OH H 2 SO 4 C 6 H 7 O 2 - OH + 3n HNO 3 3n H 2 O + OH n O - NO 2 + C 6 H 7 O 2 - O - NO 2 O - NO 2 n trinitrocellulose
b) with acetic acid - acetylation of OH H 2 SO 4 C 6 H 7 O 2 - OH + 2 n C H 3 - COOH OH n O - CO - CH 3 2n H 2 O + C 6 H 7 O 2 - O - CO - CH 3 OH n cellulose diacetate
Pulp production The most common method for obtaining pulp from wood is the sulfite method. Chopped wood in the presence of a solution of calcium hydrosulfite Ca (HCO 3) 2 or sodium hydrosulfite NaHCO 3 is heated in autoclaves at a pressure of 0.5 - 0.6 MPa and a temperature of 150 º C. In this case, all other substances are destroyed, and cellulose is released in its pure form . Then the pulp is washed with water, dried and sent for further processing.
Application of cellulose and its derivatives 1) Chemical industry. Cellulose is a raw material for the production of many organic compounds: - glucose - methyl and ethyl alcohol - acetic acid - turpentine (solvent) - rosin
3) Artificial fibers (viscose, acetate silk)
4) Film strip
5) Explosives
6) Medicine (antibiotics)
7) Varnishes, NC enamels
9) Plastics (cellophane, celluloid)
Chitin is close to cellulose; it is found in some forms of fungi, and also as an important component of the exoskeleton of some animals.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
fructose,
sucrose
cellulose
Polysaccharides
Cellulose
The purpose of the lesson
1. Consolidate knowledge about the classification of carbohydrates.
2. To study the properties of polysaccharides on the example of starch and cellulose.
3. Be able to find similarities and differences in the structure and properties of polysaccharides, draw up equations for the hydrolysis reaction.
4. Be able to conduct a qualitative reaction to starch.
Polysaccharides
- These are natural macromolecular substances, the macromolecules of which consist of residues of monosaccharide molecules.
- Polysaccharides are biopolymers.
- Examples of polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin.
Comparison of starch and cellulose
Starch
Cellulose
Structure
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Being in nature
Biological role
Application
Spreading in nature
STARCH
CELLULOSE
RICE 80%
POTATO 20%
LINEN 80%
WOOD 50%
COTTON 98%
WHEAT 70%
Structural formula of starch
α-glucose residues
STARCH
(C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n
Relative molecular weight - from several hundred to several thousand carbon units.
Structural formula of cellulose
β-glucose residues
CELLULOSE
(C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n
The relative molecular weight is several million carbon units.
Physical properties
starch
cellulose
- hard fibrous white matter
- insoluble in water
- does not have a sweet taste
- white amorphous powder
- insoluble in cold water
- swells in hot water
- does not have a sweet taste
Chemical properties of starch
- 1. Hydrolysis
- 1. Hydrolysis
- Starch → dextrins → maltose → glucose
2. Qualitative reaction
- 2. Qualitative reaction
(C 6 H 10 O 5) n + I 2 → blue color
Chemical properties of cellulose
1. Hydrolysis
(C 6 H 10 O 5) n + nH 2 O → nC 6 H 12 O 6
2. Esters formation
Let's check ourselves
1. A starch macromolecule consists of the remnants of molecules ...
α-glucose
β-glucose
fructose
Let's check ourselves
2. Qualitative reaction to starch - interaction with ...
copper(II) hydroxide
ammonia solution of silver oxide
Let's check ourselves
3. During the hydrolysis of cellulose, ...
Let's check ourselves
4. Cellulose trinitrate is used as...
medicine
explosive
fire extinguishing agent
Let's check ourselves
5. For the manufacture of acetate fiber, ...
cellulose salts
cellulose oxides
cellulose esters
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Presentation on the topic: Polysaccharides
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Introduction The twentieth century is characterized by the rapid development of all branches of science. New chemical compounds, materials obtained by synthesis have firmly entered our lives. Among the pharmacologically active compounds synthesized by plants, polysaccharides represent a peculiar group. But now, due to the rapid development of the market medicines, polysaccharides are not given due attention. That is why my presentation is an attempt to display, as far as possible, the full importance and depth of the problem under study. I will try to consistently and reasonably state the essence of the issue, to consider in detail the properties of the studied medicinal plant materials.
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Raw materials containing polysaccharides Polysaccharides are high-molecular condensation products of more than 5 monosaccharides and their derivatives, linked to each other by O-glycosidic bonds and forming linear or branched chains. The diversity in the structure of polysaccharides can be due not only to the nature of the monosaccharides and the way they are combined, but also to the fact that the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of monosaccharides and their derivatives can be methylated, esterified with organic and inorganic acids (for example, sulfuric acid - agar-agar); hydrogens of carboxyl groups are replaced by metal ions (pectic substances, gums).
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Classification of polysaccharides Polysaccharides are divided into two types: homopolysaccharides (homopolymers) and heteropolysaccharides (heteropolymers), depending on the nature of their constituent monosaccharides and their derivatives. Homopolysaccharides are built from monosaccharide units (monomers) of the same type (for example, starch, fiber, from animal polysaccharides - glycogen, chitin), and heteropolysaccharides - from residues of various monosaccharides and their derivatives (for example, hemicelluloses, inulin, pectins, mucus and gums) .
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Physical properties Polysaccharides - amorphous substances, do not dissolve in alcohol and non-polar solvents; solubility in water varies: some dissolve in water to form colloidal solutions (amylose, mucus, pectic acids, arabin), may form gels (pectins, alginic acids, agar-agar) or not dissolve at all in water (fiber, chitin).
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Chemical properties Polysaccharides undergo enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis to form mono- or oligosaccharides containing 2 to 4 monosaccharide units. Each group of polysaccharides has its own specific properties. Distribution in flora. biological role. In nature, 80% of organic substances are polysaccharides. They play different biological roles for plants and animals.
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Drying is preferably artificial at a temperature of 50-60°C. Store raw materials according to the general list, in a dry, cool (10-15 ° C) room, protecting from barn pests. Analysis of raw materials containing polysaccharides Methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis are based on the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides and will be considered when characterizing individual groups of polysaccharides. The use of raw materials containing polysaccharides in medical practice
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Polysaccharides are of great medical and national economic importance. In medicine, they are modified different ways their derivatives can be used as fillers, blood substitutes, have the ability to prolong the action of drugs, increase the resistance of the gastric mucosa, providing anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing effects. They have immunological activity. The polysaccharides of some fungi (puffballs) have shown an inhibitory effect on sarcoma cells in vitro. Of them get medicines used as radioprotective, expectorant, immunoprotective, antiulcer and other agents. The medical significance of polysaccharides is considered in more detail when characterizing individual groups of polysaccharides.
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Marshmallow officinalis Marshmallow officinalis is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Malvaceae family (lat. Malvaceae). The botanical name is Althaéa officinalis. The generic name is Althea (lat. Althaéa). Pharmacy name - Liquid marshmallow root extract (Extractum Althaeae fluidum), marshmallow syrup (Sirupus Althaeae), Mucaltinum (Mucaltinum), Paracodin (Paracodin). The popular name is mallow, marshmallow, kalachiki, wild rose.
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The flowers are pale pink, five-petalled, with purple stamens, collected in an apical brush. The fruit is modular, consists of 15–20 one-seeded fruits containing dark brown kidney-shaped seeds. Flowering and fruiting in July-August. It grows along the banks of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, floodplains, swampy lowlands, in shrubs, in saline meadows, in gorges. Distribution areas - the middle and southern zones of the European part, in particular Ukraine, the Caucasus, the floodplains of the Kuban, Don, Terek and Volga, Central Asia, Western and Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan. Cultivated in Ukraine and in the Krasnodar Territory.
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Collection and harvesting of marshmallow root Remove the main, taproot, root, leaving only young lateral roots. It is not necessary to clean from the bark. The roots are dried in the air (thick ones are separated along) and quickly dried. Well-dried roots break with a crack. They are not allowed to be affected by mold or insects. Althea root is dried by hanging in bunches on ropes in a warm, ventilated room, or by placing a thin layer on the stove. It tastes sweetish, with a feeling of sliminess, the smell is weak, peculiar. The crushed marshmallow root is stored in a dry, well-ventilated room, since it has the ability to absorb moisture, as a result of which it becomes moldy.
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Medicinal properties of marshmallow root Marshmallow root contains a significant amount of plant mucus (35%), consisting mainly of polysaccharides, starch (37%), astringents, malic acid, cane sugar, etc. The main active medicinal component of the root is considered a mucous substance, which obtained by infusion of the root in water. The infusion has an enveloping effect, and when used, it covers the inflamed mucous membranes and protects them from irritation, which is the reason for the use of marshmallow in acute respiratory viral infections.
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Marshmallow root - use, recipes As an expectorant - an infusion of 1 tablespoon of crushed root in 1 glass of cold water for 4 hours is allowed to drink 1-2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day, children - 1 teaspoon 4 - would once a day. For the same purpose - 2 teaspoons of crushed marshmallow root (8 parts), coltsfoot leaves - (4 parts), crushed anise fruits (2 parts), licorice root (3 parts), violet root (1 part) brewed like tea, insist 20 minutes, filter and drink warm ½ cup every 3 hours. Pharmacies sell ready-made marshmallow root syrup, which is prescribed to children 1 teaspoon every 2 hours. Marshmallow root is part of breast teas No. 1–4.
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References: 1. Muravieva D.A., Samylina I.A., Yakovlev G.P. Pharmacognosy. Textbook. – 4th ed., revised. and additional - M .: OJSC Publishing House "Medicine", 2007. - 656 p.: ill. 2. State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan. T.1. - Almaty: Zhibek Zholy Publishing House, 2008. - 592 p. 3. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR: Issue. one. General Methods analysis / Ministry of Health of the USSR. - 11th ed., add. – M.: Medicine, 1987. – 336 p. 4. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR: Issue. 2. General methods of analysis. Medicinal plant materials / Ministry of Health of the USSR. - 11th ed., add. – M.: Medicine, 1990. – 400 p. State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan
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The presentation on the topic "Polysaccharides" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Chemistry. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 5 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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POLYSACCHARIDE DETERMINATION
Polysaccharides - the general name for a class of complex high-molecular carbohydrates, the molecules of which consist of tens, hundreds or thousands of monomers - monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are essential for the life of animals and plants. They are one of the main sources of energy resulting from the metabolism of the body. They take part in immune processes, provide adhesion of cells in tissues, and are the bulk of organic matter in the biosphere.
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TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES
dextrin is a polysaccharide, a starch hydrolysis product; starch is the main polysaccharide deposited as an energy reserve in plant organisms; glycogen is a polysaccharide deposited as an energy reserve in the cells of animal organisms, but is also found in small quantities in plant tissues; cellulose is the main structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls; galactomannans - storage polysaccharides of some plants of the legume family, such as guar and locust bean gum; glucomannan - a polysaccharide obtained from konjac tubers, consists of alternating units of glucose and mannose, a soluble dietary fiber that reduces appetite; amyloid - used in the production of parchment paper.
Polysaccharides include, in particular:
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A. Cellulose Cellulose, a linear homoglycan built from glucose residues linked at the β(1→4) position, is the most abundant organic compound. In the cell walls of plants, cellulose makes up 40-50%, and in such an important raw material as cotton fiber - 98%. Natural cellulose has high mechanical strength and is resistant to chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. These properties are associated with the conformation of molecules and the features of the supramolecular organization. B. Starch Starch, a widely distributed reserve polysaccharide in plants, is the most important carbohydrate component of the diet. Starch is deposited in the form of microscopic granules in special organelles, amyloplasts. Starch granules are practically insoluble in cold water, but they swell strongly in water when heated.
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