Individual differences in perception and observation. Individual differences in perception. Development of perception Analytical type of perception
Having become acquainted with how complex the process of perception is, we can easily understand that different people it runs differently. Each person has his own individual "manner" of perception, his usual ways of observing, which are explained by the general features of his personality and the skills that have been created in the course of his life.
Let us list the most characteristic signs in which individual differences in perception and observation can be expressed.
Some people are inclined in the process of perception and observation to pay attention mainly to the facts themselves, others - to the meaning of these facts. The former are mainly interested in description, the latter in explaining what they perceive and observe. Perception and observation of the first type are called descriptive, the second type - explanatory.
These typological differences are largely explained by the peculiarity of the relationship between the two signal systems. The inclination and ability for an explanatory type of observation are associated with the relatively greater role of the second signal system.
There is a very important difference between objective and subjective types of perception. Objective perception is a perception characterized by accuracy and thoroughness, which is little influenced by the observer's preconceived thoughts, desires and mood. A person perceives the facts as they are, without adding anything from himself and little resorting to conjecture. Subjective perception is characterized by opposite features: what a person sees and hears are immediately joined by images of the imagination and various assumptions; he sees things not so much as they really are, but as he wants them to be.
Sometimes the subjectivity of perception is expressed in the fact that a person's attention is directed to those feelings that he experiences under the influence of perceived facts, and these feelings obscure the facts themselves from him. It is not uncommon to meet people who, no matter what they talk about, most of all talk about their own experiences, about how they got excited, frightened, moved, and very little can be said about the events that caused all these feelings.
In other cases, the subjectivity of perception is manifested in the desire to form a general impression of the observed fact as soon as possible, even if there were not sufficient data for this. This peculiarity of krko is revealed in experiments with a tachistoscope, when some word is shown in such short term that it is impossible to read it in its entirety. For example, the word "desk" is shown. With an objective type of perception, a person first reads "kont"; at the second indication, he can already read “offices” and, finally, after the third indication - “desk”. The process of perception is quite different for a representative of the subjective type. After the first showing, he reads, for example, “basket”, after the second - “castor oil”, after the third - “desk”.
In characterizing individual differences in perception and observation, the feature called observation is of the utmost importance. This word denotes the ability to notice signs and features in things and phenomena that are essentially important, interesting and valuable from any point of view, but little noticeable and therefore eluding the attention of most people. Observation is not limited to mere ability to observe. It involves curiosity, a constant desire to learn new facts and their details, a kind of "hunting for facts." Observation is manifested not only during those hours when a person is specially engaged in observations in a laboratory, museum, at an observation post, etc.
We call observant a person who is able to notice valuable facts “on the go”, in any situations of life, in the course of any activity. Observation implies a constant readiness for perception.
Observation - very important quality, the value of which affects all areas of life. It is especially necessary in certain types of activity, for example, in the work of a scientist. No wonder the great Russian scientist I.P. Pavlov made the inscription on the building of one of his laboratories: “Observation and observation”.
Without observation, the work of a writer-artist is impossible: it enables the writer to accumulate those stocks of life impressions that serve as material for his works.
Review questions
1. What is perception and how does it differ from sensation?
2. What are the physiological basis of perception?
3. List the conditions on which the grouping (grouping) of individual spots and lines in visual perception depends.
4. What is the significance of past experience for perception?
5. What is called an illusion?
6. Explain the illusions depicted in fig. 12 and 13.
7. What is called observation?
8. List the conditions on which the quality of observation depends.
Chapter V. ATTENTION
General concept about attention
Attention is the focus of consciousness on a particular object. The object of attention can be any object or phenomenon of the external world, our own actions, our ideas and thoughts.
I am reading a book and am completely occupied with the content of the story; I hear conversations going on in the room, but I don't pay attention to them. But then someone from those present began to tell something interesting, and I notice that my eyes are automatically running over the lines of the book, and my attention has turned to the conversation.
And first and then I simultaneously heard the conversation and read the book. But the organization of my mental activity was completely different in both cases. At first my consciousness was directed to understanding what was being read; the content of the book was in the center, and the content of the conversation was on the periphery, on the edge of consciousness. Then consciousness went to listen to the conversation; the conversation became the center of consciousness, and the reading of the book was at the edge of it. My attention, we say, has shifted from reading a book to listening to a conversation.
As a result of the direction of consciousness on a certain object, it is recognized clearly and distinctly, while all other stimuli acting at the same time are experienced more or less vaguely and indistinctly. At the time when my attention was occupied by the book, I perceived its content with complete clarity, but I heard the conversation vaguely, as they say, "out of the corner of my ear." If I were suddenly asked what the conversation was about, I would probably be able to reproduce only fragments of phrases that were little connected with each other. But the matter immediately changed as soon as my attention shifted from the book to the conversation. Now I perceive the content of the conversation with complete clarity, and from the book only vague shreds of thoughts reach me, although my eyes continue to read.
In the phenomena of attention, the selective nature of consciousness is revealed: if a person pays attention to some objects, then he is thereby distracted from others.
Attention cannot be called a special mental process in the same sense as we call perception, thinking, remembering, etc., special processes. At every moment of his life, a person either perceives something, or remembers something, or thinks about something or dreams about something. But there cannot be a moment when a person is busy with the process of attention. Attention is a property of the psyche, it is a special side of all mental processes.
Perception largely depends on the characteristics of the individual. Our knowledge, interests, habitual attitudes, emotional attitude to what affects us, affect the process of perception of objective reality. Since all people differ both in their interests and attitudes, and in a number of other characteristics, we can argue that there are individual differences in perception (Fig. 8.2).
Individual differences in perception are great, but nevertheless, certain types of these differences can be distinguished, which are characteristic not for one particular person, but for whole group of people. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to include the differences between holistic and detailed, or synthetic and analytical, perception.
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION
TYPES OF PERCEPTION
INTENTIONAL
UNINTENDED
Rice. 8.2.Individual differences in perception
holistic, or synthetic, the type of perception is characterized by the fact that persons prone to it most clearly represent the general impression of the subject, general content perception, common features of what is perceived. People with this type of perception pay the least attention to details and details. They do not single them out on purpose, and if they catch them, then not in the first place. Therefore, many details go unnoticed by them. They capture the meaning of the whole more than the detailed content and especially its individual parts. In order to see the details, they have to set themselves a special task, the fulfillment of which is sometimes difficult for them.
Persons with a different type of perception - detailing, or analytical,- on the contrary, they are prone to a clear selection of details and details. That is what their perception is directed at. The object or phenomenon as a whole, the general meaning of what was perceived, fades into the background for them, sometimes they are not even noticed at all. In order to understand the essence of a phenomenon or adequately perceive any object, they need to set themselves a special task, which they do not always succeed in fulfilling. Their stories are always filled with details and descriptions of particular details, behind which the meaning of the whole is very often lost.
The above characteristics of the two types of perception are characteristic of the extreme poles. Most often they complement each other, since the most productive perception based on positive characteristics both types. However, even extreme options cannot be considered negative, since very often they determine the originality of perception that allows a person to be an extraordinary person.
There are other types of perception, for example descriptive and explanatory. Persons belonging to the descriptive type are limited to the factual side of what they see and hear, do not try to explain to themselves the essence of the perceived phenomenon. The driving forces of the actions of people, events or any phenomena remain outside the field of their attention. On the other hand, persons belonging to the explanatory type are not satisfied with what is directly given in perception. They always try to explain what they see or hear. This type of behavior is more often combined with a holistic or synthetic type of perception.
Also allocate objective and subjective types of perception. The objective type of perception is characterized by strict correspondence to what is happening in reality. Persons with a subjective type of perception go beyond what is actually given to them, and bring a lot of themselves. Their perception is subject to a subjective attitude to what is perceived, an increased biased assessment, a preconceived preconceived attitude. Such people, talking about something, tend to convey not what they perceived, but their subjective impressions about it. They talk more about how they felt or what they thought at the time of the events they are talking about.
Great importance differences in observation play among individual differences in perception.
Observation - this is the ability to notice in objects and phenomena that which is in. they are hardly noticeable, not striking by itself, but which are significant or characteristic from any point of view. A characteristic feature of observation is the speed with which something subtle is perceived. Observation is not inherent in all people and not to the same extent. Differences in observation largely depend on the individual characteristics of the individual. For example, curiosity is a factor contributing to the development of observation.
Since we touched on the problem of observation, it should be noted that there are differences in perception in terms of the degree of intentionality. It is customary to single out unintentional (or involuntary) and intentional (arbitrary) perception. With unintentional perception, we are not guided by a pre-set goal or task - to perceive given subject. Perception is guided by external circumstances. Intentional perception, on the contrary, from the very beginning is regulated by the task - to perceive this or that object or phenomenon, to get acquainted with it. Intentional perception can be included in any activity and carried out in the course of its implementation. But sometimes perception can act as a relatively independent activity. Perception as independent activity It appears especially clearly in observation, which is a deliberate, planned and more or less prolonged (albeit with interruptions) perception in order to trace the course of some phenomenon or those changes that occur in the object of perception. Therefore, observation is an active form of sensory knowledge of reality by a person, and observation can be considered as a characteristic of the activity of perception.
The role of activity of observation is exceptionally great. It is expressed both in the mental activity that accompanies observation, and in the motor activity of the observer. Operating with objects, acting with them, a person better knows many of their qualities and properties. For the success of observation, its planned and systematic nature is important. Good observation, aimed at a broad, versatile study of the subject, is always carried out according to a clear plan, a certain system, with consideration of some parts of the subject after others in a certain sequence. Only with this approach, the observer will not miss anything and will not return a second time to what was perceived.
However, observation, like perception in general, is not an innate characteristic. A newborn child is not able to perceive the world around him in the form of a complete objective picture. The ability of object perception in a child manifests itself much later. The child's initial selection of objects from the surrounding world and their objective perception can be judged by the child's examination of these objects, when he does not just look at them, but examines them, as if he is feeling them with his eyes.
According to B. M. Teplov, signs object perception the child begins to manifest itself in early infancy (two to four months), when actions with objects begin to form. By five or six months, the child has an increase in cases of fixing the gaze on the object with which he operates. However, the development of perception does not stop there, but, on the contrary, is just beginning. So, according to A. V. Zaporozhets, the development of perception is carried out at a later age. During the transition from pre-preschool to preschool age, under the influence of play and constructive activities, children develop complex types of visual analysis and synthesis, including the ability to mentally divide the perceived object into parts in the visual field, examining each of these parts separately and then combining them into one whole.
In the process of teaching a child at school, the development of perception is actively taking place, which during this period goes through several stages. The first stage is associated with the formation of an adequate image of the object in the process of manipulating this object. On the next step children get acquainted with the spatial properties of objects with the help of hand and eye movements. At the next, higher stages of mental development, children acquire the ability quickly and without any external movements to recognize certain properties of perceived objects, to distinguish them from each other on the basis of these properties. Moreover, any actions or movements no longer take part in the process of perception.
One may ask what is the most important condition for the development of perception? Such a condition is labor, which in children can manifest itself not only in the form of socially useful labor, for example, in performing their household duties, but also in the form of drawing, sculpting, playing music, reading, etc., i.e., in the form of a variety of cognitive subject activities. It is equally important for the child to participate in the game. During the game, the child expands not only his motor experience, but also his understanding of the objects around him.
The next, no less interesting question that we should ask ourselves is the question of how and in what way are the features of children's perception manifested in comparison with an adult? First of all, the child makes a large number of mistakes in assessing the spatial properties of objects. Even the linear eye in children is much worse developed than in adults. For example, when perceiving the length of a line, a child's error can be about five times greater than that of an adult. Even more difficult is the perception of time for children. It is very difficult for a child to master such concepts as "tomorrow *," yesterday "," earlier "," later *.
Certain difficulties arise in children in the perception of images of objects. So, looking at a drawing, telling what is drawn on it, preschool children often make mistakes in recognizing the depicted objects and name them incorrectly, relying on random or unimportant signs.
An important role in all these cases is played by the lack of knowledge of the child, his little practical experience. This also determines a number of other features of children's perception: insufficient ability to distinguish the main thing in what is perceived; omission of many details; limitation of perceived information. Over time, these problems are eliminated, and by the senior school age, the perception of the child practically does not differ from the perception of the adult.
Perception largely depends on the characteristics of the perceiving subject. The perceived image is individual, it belongs to inner world of a given person, since the selectivity of perception in the formation of a particular image is determined by his personal interests, needs, motives and attitudes, which determines the uniqueness and emotional coloring of the image. The dependence of perception on the content of a person's mental life, the characteristics of his personality is called apperception.
The Swiss psychologist G. Rorschach found that even meaningless ink spots (Fig. 7) are always perceived as something meaningful. At the same time, a person, depending on individual characteristics, puts his own meaning into the content of what he sees.
Rice. 7.
Individual differences in perception can be conditionally classified into the following types: synthetic and analytical, explanatory and descriptive, objective and subjective. The allocation of these types is based on establishing the correlation of sensory organization with mental and emotional processes.
For people with a synthetic type, a generalized reflection and definition of the main meaning of what is happening is characteristic. They do not attach importance to details and do not see them. People with an analytical type, when perceiving, first of all, details, particulars. They often find it difficult to understand the general meaning of phenomena. The general idea of the object, events is often replaced by a thorough analysis of individual actions, details, while being unable to highlight the main thing.
People belonging to the descriptive type of perception are limited to the factual side of what they see and hear. On the contrary, people belonging to the explanatory type try to explain the essence of the perceived phenomenon.
People with an objective type of perception are characterized by a strict correspondence of what they perceive to what is happening in reality. Those who have a subjective type of perception bring their own attitude to the perceived object, phenomenon. They talk more about what they thought or felt at the time of the events they are talking about.
Personal characteristics of observation are of great importance for individual differences in perception. Observation is a property of a person, which is based on the desire and ability to notice the features of objects and phenomena with the greatest completeness. A characteristic sign of observation is the speed of perception of the subtle. One of the factors contributing to the development of observation is curiosity. The process of observation is an active form of cognition of reality.
Under certain circumstances (sharp physical, emotional, mental overload, the action of certain chemical substances, diseases, etc.) disturbances of perception are observed. Insurance companies they have statistics that prove that there is a whole abyss from the visual image to reality. How many times has a tree been mistaken for the continuation of the road, and the shadow of a rock for a turn? If we look at Figure 8, we can see the dots flickering even though they are not drawn. This phenomenon is an illusion of perception, that is, a distorted perception of a real-life object. An example of psychological illusions can serve as an overestimation of vertical lines in comparison with horizontal ones (provided that the length of the segments is objectively equal), the illusion railway tracks(a line located in a narrower part of the space enclosed between two converging straight lines seems longer), etc. Most often, illusions manifest themselves in determining the size, parallelism and distance, and the contrast of objects. The object seems larger in the vicinity of small objects and smaller - next to larger ones.
Rice. eight.
The most well-known perceptual disorder are hallucinations - imaginary perception. A person in the power of hallucinations perceives objects that are absent in reality as real ones.
In perception appear individual characteristics people, which are explained by the whole history of the formation of each personality and the nature of its activities. First of all, two types of people are distinguished according to their individual type of perception˸ analytical and synthetic.
For people analytical type of perception is characterized by attention to particulars, details, individual features of an object or phenomenon. Only then do they move on to identifying common points.
People synthetic types of perception show more attention to the whole, to the main thing in an object or phenomenon, sometimes to the detriment of the perception of particular features. If the first type is more attentive to the facts, then the second - to their meaning.
However, much depends on knowledge about the object of perception and on the goal facing the person. The type of perception is less apparent in involuntary perception and in those cases where a person is faced with the goal of comparing two objects. Psychological studies to identify types of perception have convincingly shown that some subjects mainly highlight the "absolute" properties of objects, while others - mainly the relationship between these properties. The first is typical for analytical type, the second - for synthetic type .
Perception is influenced by feelings experienced by a person. People who are highly emotional and impressionable are much more likely to see objective factors in the light of their personal experiences, their likes and dislikes. Thus, they unwittingly introduce a touch of subjectivism into the description and evaluation of objective facts. Such people are classified as a subjective type of perception, in contrast to the objective type, which is characterized by greater accuracy both in relationships and in assessments.
Individual differences in perception - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Individual differences in perception" 2015, 2017-2018.
Perception and observation of a person are characterized by both general patterns and individual characteristics. All people are characterized by common manifestations of the psyche, due to which the main patterns of reality are reflected. The presence of common in ... .
In perception, individual characteristics of people are manifested, which are explained by the whole history of the formation of each personality and the nature of its activity. First of all, two types of people are distinguished according to their individual type of perception: analytical and synthetic. For... .
Having become acquainted with how complex the process of perception is, we can easily understand that it proceeds differently for different people. Each person has his own individual "manner" to perceive, his usual methods of observation, which are explained by the general features of his ... .
Perception is a direct, sensual reflection of objects and phenomena in a holistic form as a result of awareness, their identifying features. Perceptual images are built on the basis of various sensations. However, they are not reduced to the simple sum of these sensations. Perception... .
Based on modern psychological literature, there are several approaches to the classification of perception. One of the classifications of perception, as well as sensations, is based on differences in the analyzers involved in perception. According to what... .
Objective reality is influenced by knowledge, interests, emotions, habitual attitudes, etc. If we proceed from the fact that people differ in their attitudes and interests, in their characteristics, then there are individual differences in perception.
Although these differences in perception are quite large, certain types of these differences nevertheless stand out. They will be characteristic of a whole group of people, and not for one particular person.
First of all, they include the differences between synthetic and analytical perception. Individual differences in perception are shown in the diagram.
Synthetic type of perception
The synthetic type of perception is characterized by the fact that people who are inclined to it, the general impression of the object, the general features of what is perceived, is presented most clearly. A person with a synthetic type of perception pays the least attention to details and details, does not highlight them on purpose, so many details go unnoticed. Representatives of this type of perception capture the meaning of the whole rather than the detailed content, for the perception of which they need to set a special task.
People of this warehouse are able to single out the main thing from everything that surrounds them, they with a unique ability to separate the main from the particular. They with great ease prioritize between important and unimportant things, plan their activities according to the internal schedule. Inattention to the "little things" can lead to the fact that the missed details could become useful in business practice or everyday life.
For example, if a teacher belongs to this type of perception, then the characteristics of the student will be very general - “disciplined, executive, conscientious”, or “loose, ill-mannered”, while due attention is not shown to the analysis of the causes of actions. The general opinion about the student will be strong, and his actions cease to be significant.
Analytical type of perception
The analytical type of perception, or detailing, is the opposite of the synthetic type of perception. People with this type are prone to a clear selection of details and details, their perception is directed precisely at this. The general meaning of what they perceive fades into the background, and sometimes it is not noticed at all.
As in the first type, they need to set themselves a special task in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon or adequately perceive any object. The stories of such people, as a rule, are filled with great details, behind which the meaning of the whole is often lost.
These two types of perception are characteristic of the extreme poles, most often they complement each other. Their extreme variants cannot be considered as negative, because they determine the originality of perception, which gives a person the opportunity to be an extraordinary person.
Other types of perception
Other types of perception include, for example:
- Descriptive and explanatory. Persons of a descriptive type are limited to the factual side of what they see and hear and do not try to explain to themselves the essence of the perceived phenomenon. The driving forces of people's actions remain outside the field of their attention. People of the explanatory type, on the contrary, are not satisfied with what is given in perception. They need to explain what they saw and heard. Most often, this type of behavior is combined with a holistic or synthetic type of perception;
- Objective and subjective type of perception. For the objective type, it is important to strictly correspond to what is happening in reality. Representatives of the subjective type bring a lot of themselves and go beyond what is actually given. Most often, they convey not what they perceived, but their subjective impressions.
Among individual differences in perception, differences in observation play an important role.
Observation
Observation is understood as the ability to notice in objects and phenomena that which is little noticeable in them and does not catch the eye by itself. A sign of observation is the speed of perception of something subtle. This skill is not typical for all people and to varying degrees.
Basically, differences in observation depend on the individual abilities of a person. It is she who is the factor that contributes to her own development.
There are differences in perception according to the degree of intentionality:
- Intentional - voluntary perception. From the very beginning, it is regulated by the task - to perceive this or that object, to get acquainted with it. It can be included in some kind of activity and carried out in the course of its implementation, but it can also act as an independent activity;
- Unintentional or involuntary perception. With this perception, a person is not guided by a predetermined goal to perceive this object. Perception is guided by external circumstances.
Like perception, observation is not an innate characteristic. A newborn baby cannot perceive the world in the form of a whole subject picture. This ability appears much later.
Signs of object perception in a child, according to B.M. Teplov, begin to appear in early infancy - actions with objects begin to form. At 5-6 months, fixation of the gaze on the object begins.
Influenced by play activities preschool age children develop complex types of visual analysis and synthesis. They include the ability, perceived in the visual field, to divide an object into parts and combine it into a whole.
The condition for the development of perception is work, both physical and mental. It is equally important for the child to participate in the game, during which he expands the motor experience and understanding of the objects around him.
The perception of time is a great difficulty for the child - it is difficult for him to master such concepts as "tomorrow", "yesterday", "earlier", "later".
The perception of images of objects also causes certain difficulties. Talking about what is in the picture, preschoolers make mistakes in recognizing the depicted objects, relying on some random signs. Of course, the lack of knowledge and little practical experience play an important role in this. Over time, these problems are eliminated, and the perception of an older student is practically no different from the perception of an adult.
