The length of the largest submarine. Submarine rating of the world

The largest Russian submarine "Shark" belongs to the class of heavy submarines. missile cruisers strategic purpose. The start date for her project is December 1972.

The first "Shark" was built in the USSR at "Sevmash" (Severodvinsk) and launched on September 23, 1980. From 1981 to 1989, a series of six boats of this type was commissioned. The place of their basing was the water area of ​​the Nerpichya Bay in the Northern Fleet.

Structural specifics of the case

The nuclear submarine "Shark" of project 941 has a very light overall hull, inside which there are 5 habitable rugged housings. Two of them have the maximum dimensions and are the main ones, they are located on the principle of a catamaran, in a horizontal plane parallel to each other. Such a characteristic layout is determined by the large dimensions of the ammunition load.

Both main durable cases are interconnected by three transitions and are divided into 8 compartments:

• reactor and turbine compartments with a total length of 30 m;
• three bow compartments 54 m long;
• three adjacent to the main command post (GKP) 31 meters long.

The remaining three durable cases are:

• reliably insulated bow hull of the torpedo compartment;
• building for placement of GKP and radio equipment;
• aft transitional body with a total length of 30 meters.

The compartment of the main command post, the torpedo compartment, the main hulls are made of titanium alloy, and the light hull is made of steel with subsequent anti-hydroacoustic coating.

The developers of the submarine (TsKBMT "Rubin") for the first time used in its layout the original layout of the missile silos. They are located forward of the cabin in front of the submarine, between the two main main buildings.

Power point

The large power plant of the 3rd generation has a block design consisting of two echelons located independently on the starboard and port sides. Each block includes:

• water-cooled nuclear reactor with a capacity of 190 MW on thermal neutrons OK-650VV. Reactors of this type are equipped with: pulse equipment for monitoring their condition, a battery-free cooling system (BBR) in case of a power outage;
• turbine with a capacity of 50,000 hp. With;
• propeller in the form of a propeller shaft with a 7-bladed propeller, the diameter of which is 5.55 meters, the rotation speed is 230 rpm. To reduce noise, the propellers are installed in special fenestrons (circular fairings);
• four steam turbine nuclear power plants BPTU 514 with a capacity of 3200 kW.

Reserve means of movement

1. Two diesel generators of the ASDG-800 type, 800 kW each.
2. Lead-acid battery.
3. Two standby electric motors with a capacity of 260 kW.
4. Thrusters with swiveling propellers for maneuvering in a pinched position. They are equipped with electric motors of 750 kW.

The main armament of the "Shark"

The basic weapon "Shark" project 941 consists of:

• ballistic missile system D-19, equipped with 20 solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental missiles of the R-39 "Variant" class (RSM 52 sea-based. Firing range - 8500 km, warhead divided with 10 warheads of 100 kilotons each;
• D-19U missile system with 20 R-39UTTH "Bark" ballistic missiles of intercontinental range with shock-absorbing rocket launch system. The combat range is up to 10,000 km, there is a unique system for passing through the ice.

The launch of the entire missile ammunition of the Shark project can be carried out from a dry mine both underwater (at a depth of no more than 55 meters) and on the surface.

The largest nuclear submarine in Russia is armed with six torpedo tubes (TA) with a caliber of 533 mm, equipped with fast-loading devices and a special Grinda-type TA preparation system. The full ammunition load consists of 22 Shkval class torpedoes (SAET-60M, SET-65, USET-80 types), as well as Blizzard and Vodopad missiles. They use six-torpedo torpedoes for firing rocket-torpedoes, torpedoes and for installing minefields-obstacles.

Air defense is carried out by MANPADS (8 units) of the Igla-1 type. Full ammunition - 48 anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM).

Radio electronic equipment

On board the Akula-type submarine of project 941 there are several complexes with high-precision equipment of various classes.

1. The combat information and control system of the Omnibus type is used for: collecting, processing and displaying information, calculating the effectiveness of the use of one or another weapon, targeting technical and fire weapons, navigation and combat crews;
2. Hydroacoustic equipment SJSC "Skat-3" MGK-540 consists of:
   • SJSC Skat-KS MGK-500 with 4 antennas and the ability to simultaneously track 12 targets;
   • hydroacoustic station (GAS) mine detection "Arfa-M" MG-519;
   • GAS measurement of cavitation "Screw" MG-512;
   • GAS measuring the speed of sound "Shkert" GISZ MG-553;
   • Echoledometer "North" MG-518.
3. Radar complex "Radian" RLC MRCP-58 with radio-technical intelligence station MRP-21A.
4. The navigation complex has:
   • satellite complex "Symphony";
   • NK class "Tobol";
   • circular and adjustable navigation detector NOK-1 and NOR-1.

The submarine is equipped with special means of communication, retractable periscopes, antenna systems.

Performance characteristics of the submarine "Shark"

Main dimensions: maximum length - 173.1 m, width - 23.3 m, draft in the wake - 11.2-11.5 m.

Full speed and displacement characteristics:

• full surface displacement at a speed of 12/13 knots - 29500 tons,
• full underwater at a speed of 25/27 knots - 49800 tons.

Diving depths:

• limit - 500 m,
• working - 380 m.

The autonomy of navigation is about six months. The total crew size is 163 people, officers and warrant officers are 52/83, respectively.

The total mass of the equipped submarine missile carrier is 50,000 tons.

The world's largest submarine "Shark" 941 has a developed cruciform empennage of the stern and horizontal rudders (front retractable) placed behind the propellers. Thanks to the block system for placing units and mechanisms, as well as rubber-cord two-stage pneumatic shock absorption, the nuclear submarine has low noise levels and improved vibration isolation of all units.

Video about the submarine Akula (Typhoon)

The Akula-class strategic missile submarine has not only solid dimensions, but also a high margin of safety and buoyancy, which allows it to perform maneuvers with breaking through ice up to 2.5 m thick. high latitudes up to the Arctic.

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In the titanium hull of the electronically loaded submarine, at the behest of a specially trained team, are twenty-four missiles weighing ninety tons each. This article will focus on the colossus of the era cold war- nuclear submarine. Few people know how huge it really was.

The once largest nuclear submarine of the Akula class, which is 25 meters high and more than 23 meters wide, could single-handedly inflict fatal damage on almost any country in the world. Now two out of three Project 941 missile cruisers are not capable of boasting such power. Why? They are in need of an overhaul. And the third, "Dmitry Donskoy", also known as TK-208, has recently completed its modernization process and is now equipped with the Bulava missile system. New launch cups have been inserted into the existing shafts intended for 24 R-39 missiles. New rocket inferior in size to its predecessors.

What is the future of strategic cruisers?

300 million rubles are annually allocated from the budget for the maintenance of one submarine. But is it worth keeping such a powerful, but not needed today, weapon? In total, six underwater giants were built, we already know what condition three of them are in, but what happened to the rest? They took out the nuclear fuel contained in the reactor blocks, cut it up, sealed it and buried it in the northern part of Russia. In this way, the state saved the budget, many billions could have been spent on the maintenance of submarines. nuclear cruiser was born in response to US actions - the introduction of Ohio-class submarines equipped with twenty-four intercontinental ballistic missiles.

For your information, the US annually spends 400 billion dollars on armament and modernization of the army. For Russia, this amount is ten times less, and it is worth considering that the territory of our country is much larger than that of the United States. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the resulting chaos buried many long-term plans - the new leaders at that time had other goals and objectives. Three of the six "Sharks" were lost, the seventh, TK-201, did not have time to leave the container - it was dismantled during the assembly process in 1990.

The uniqueness of the largest submarine is difficult to overestimate - this large vessel has high speed move. Surprisingly, for such dimensions, the submarine is silent and has excellent buoyancy. She is not afraid of the icy waters of the Arctic - the "Shark" is able to spend many months in a state of under-ice navigation. The ship is able to surface anywhere - the thickness of the ice is not a hindrance. The submarine is endowed efficient system detection of anti-submarine submarines launched by the enemy.

The most dangerous of submarines

September 1980 - Soviet Submarine touched the surface of the water for the first time. Its dimensions were impressive - the height is equal to a two-story house, and the length is comparable to two football fields. The unusual value made an indelible impression on those present - delight, joy, pride. The tests took place in the White Sea and the North Pole region.

The Akula submarine is capable of something that the commander of a nuclear submarine belonging to NATO countries would never dare to do - to move under the thickness of ice in shallow water. No other submarine is able to repeat this maneuver - the risk of damaging the submarine is too great.

The military strategy of our time has shown the ineffectiveness of stationary missiles - before they fly out of the launch silos, they, seen from the satellite, will launch a missile attack. But a freely moving nuclear submarine equipped with a rocket launcher can become a trump card for the General Staff. Russian Federation. Each submarine is equipped with a rescue chamber capable of accommodating the entire crew in an emergency.

The conditions of increased comfort have been created on the submarine - cabins are assigned to the officers, in which there are TVs and air conditioners, for the rest of the crew, small cockpits are intended. On the territory of the submarine there are: a swimming pool, a gym, a solarium, but that's not all, there is a sauna and a living corner. If you are lucky, and you will ever see this colossus live, then you should know - the boat, when it is on the surface, we can see up to the upper white line - everything else is hidden by the water column.

Demand for nuclear submarines

The question of transferring the submarine from military service to civilian activities was raised several times. Probably, the maintenance costs would have paid off with a vengeance. "Shark" is capable of transporting cargo - up to ten thousand tons. The advantages are obvious - the submarine is not afraid of storms or sea pirates. The ship is safe, fast - indispensable qualities in the northern seas. No ice would prevent the cargo from reaching the northern ports. This fruit of many years of hard work of scientific minds could be useful for many years to come.

Class "Shark" is still the undefeated record of the USSR. Being in autonomous navigation for 120 days, she crossed the oceans with ease and unnoticed, she was able to break the thick Arctic ice and hit enemy targets, releasing the entire ammunition load of ballistic missiles in a short time. Today they cannot find a use for it, and its fate is vague.

Our response

Unfolded between the USSR and the USA, it demanded worthy responses from both sides to mutual challenges. In the 70s, the United States received a ship with a displacement of 18.7 tons. Its speed was 200 knots, the equipment included equipment that made underwater missile launches from a depth of 15 to 30 meters. In response to Soviet science and the military-industrial complex, the country's leadership demanded the creation of superior technology.

In December 1972, a tactical and technical assignment was issued for the creation of a submarine cruiser with the code "Akula" and the number 941. The work began with a government decree on the start of development, the project was commissioned to carry out the Rubin Central Design Bureau. The implementation of the design idea took place in the largest boathouse in the world - at the Sevmash plant, the laying took place in 1976. During the construction of the submarine, several technological breakthroughs were made, one of them was the aggregate-modular construction method, which significantly reduced the time for commissioning the facility. Today, this method is used everywhere in all types of shipbuilding, but the Shark-class submarine was the first in everything.

At the end of September 1980, the first submarine cruiser "Akula" of project 941 was launched from the shipyard of Severodvinsk into the White Sea. trident. After descending into the sea, the drawing disappeared under water and no one else saw the emblem, but the people's memory, greedy for symbols and signs, immediately gave the name to the cruiser - "Shark". All subsequent Type 941 submarines received the same name, and for crew members their own symbols were introduced in the form of a shark patch on the sleeve. In the United States, the cruiser was given the name "Typhoon".

Design

The Shark-class submarine is similar in design to a catamaran - two hulls, each of which has a diameter of 7.2 meters, are located parallel to each other in a horizontal plane. The sealed compartment with the control module is located between the two main buildings, it contains the control panel and radio equipment of the cruiser. The missile block is located at the front of the boat between the hulls. It was possible to move from one part of the boat to another through three transitions. The entire hull of the boat consisted of 19 watertight compartments.

Project 941 ("Shark") have in the design, at the base of the cabin, two pop-up evacuation chambers with a capacity for the entire active crew. The compartment in which the central post is located is located closer to the stern of the cruiser. Titanium plating covers the two central hulls, the central post, torpedo rooms, the rest of the surface is covered with steel, on which a hydroacoustic coating is applied, which reliably hides the boat from tracking systems.

Front retractable rudders of a horizontal design are located in the bow of the boat. The upper cabin is reinforced and equipped with a rounded roof, capable of breaking through the solid ice cover when surfacing in northern latitudes.

Characteristics

Type 941 submarines were equipped with third-generation power plants (their power was 100,000 hp) of a block type, the placement was divided into two blocks in durable hulls, which reduced the size of the nuclear power plant. At the same time, performance has been improved.

But not only this step made legendary submarines of the Akula class. The characteristics of the power plant included two water-cooled nuclear reactors OK-650 and two steam-type turbines. All the assembled equipment made it possible not only to increase the efficiency of the entire operation of the submarine, but to significantly reduce vibration, and, accordingly, improve the sound insulation of the ship. The nuclear plant was put into operation automatically when the power supply failed.

Specifications:

• The maximum length is 172 meters.
• The maximum width is 23.3 meters.
• The height of the hull is 26 meters.
• Displacement (underwater / surface) - 48 thousand tons / 23.2 thousand tons.
• Autonomy of navigation without surfacing - 120 days.
• Immersion depth (maximum / working) - 480 m / 400m.
• Navigation speed (surface / underwater) - 12 knots / 25 knots.

Armament

The main armament is solid-propellant ballistic missiles "Variant" (weight in the hull - 90 tons, length - 17.7 m). The range of the missile is 8.3 thousand kilometers, the warhead is divided into 10 warheads, each of which has a capacity of 100 kilotons of TNT and an individual guidance system.

The launch of the entire arsenal of the submarine's ammunition can be carried out with a single salvo with a short launch interval between missile units. The ammunition load is launched from the surface and underwater position, the maximum depth at the start is 55 meters. The design characteristics provided for an ammunition load of 24 missiles, subsequently reduced to 20 units.

Peculiarities

Project 941 Shark submarines were equipped with a power plant consisting of two modules spaced apart in different, securely fortified hulls. The state of the reactors was monitored by pulse equipment, an automatic response system at the slightest loss of power supply.

When issuing a design assignment by one of the mandatory conditions it was to ensure the safety of the boat and the crew, the so-called safe radius, for which the hull nodes were calculated by the dynamic strength method and experimentally verified (two pop-up modules, container fastening, hull interface, etc.).

The Akula-class submarine was built at the Sevmash plant, where the world's largest covered boathouse, or workshop No. 55, was designed and built specifically for it. Project 941 ships are characterized by increased buoyancy - more than 40%. In order for the boat to be completely submerged, its ballast must be half of its displacement, which is why the second name appeared - “water carrier”. The decision on such a design was made with a far-sighted eye - to carry out repairs, preventive maintenance will be necessary at existing piers and repair plants.

The same reserve of buoyancy ensures the survival of the ship in the northern latitudes, where it is required to break open a thick ice cover. Project 941 Akula-class submarines coped with the harsh conditions of the North Pole, where ice thickness reaches 2.5 meters with accompanying ice hummocks and swells. the ability to open the ice mass has been repeatedly demonstrated in practice.

Crew comfort

The crew of the submarine cruiser was mainly staffed by officers, midshipmen. The senior officers were accommodated in two- and four-bed cabins equipped with a TV, washbasin, air conditioning, wardrobes, desks, etc.

Sailors and junior officers received comfortable cockpits at their disposal. On the submarine, living conditions were more than comfortable, only ships of this class were equipped with a sports hall, a swimming pool, a solarium and a sauna. In order not to get too far away from reality on a long hike, a living corner was created.

Laid up

For the entire period of construction of submarines of type 941, six cruisers were adopted by the Navy:

• "Dmitry Donskoy" (TK - 208). Adopted in December 1981, after modernization, it resumed service in July 2002.
• TK-202. She received her home port and was put into service in December 1983. In 2005, the boat was cut up for scrap.
• "Simbirsk" (TK-12). Admitted to the Federation Council in January 1985. It was scrapped in 2005.
• TK-13. The cruiser entered service in December 1985. In 2009, the hull was cut into metal, part of the submarine (six-compartment unit, reactors) was transferred to long-term storage on the Kola Peninsula.
• "Arkhangelsk" (TK-17). Date of entry into the fleet - November 1987. Due to the lack of ammunition since 2006, the issue of disposal has been discussed.
• Severstal (TK-20). Assigned to the Navy in September 1989. In 2004, it went into reserve due to the lack of ammunition, it is planned for disposal.
• TK-210. The laying of the hull structures coincided with the demolition economic system. Lost funding and was dismantled in 1990.

Nuclear submarines of the Akula class were consolidated into one division, the base for them is Zapadnaya Litsa ( Murmansk region). The reconstruction of Nerpichya Bay was completed in 1981. For basing type 941 cruisers, a mooring line, piers with special capabilities were equipped, a unique crane with a lifting capacity of 125 tons was built for loading missiles (not put into operation).

Current state

To date, all available nuclear submarines of the Akula class are in the home port in mothballed form, their future fate is being decided. Submarine "Dmitry Donskoy" was upgraded for military equipment "Bulava". According to media reports, in 2016 it was planned to dispose of inactive copies. There were no reports on the implementation of the plan.

The giant Project 941 Shark submarine is still a unique weapon, the only cruiser capable of combat duty in the Arctic. They are almost invulnerable to anti-submarine submarines in service with the United States. Also, not a single potential enemy has the technical aviation means to detect the cruiser under the ice.

By the beginning of the 1970s, the main participants in the nuclear race of the USSR and the United States quite reasonably placed their bet on the development of nuclear power. submarine fleet equipped with intercontinental ballistic missiles. As a result of this confrontation, the world's largest submarine was born.

The opposing sides began to create nuclear heavy missile cruisers. The American project, the Ohio-type nuclear submarine, assumed the deployment of 24 intercontinental ballistic missiles. Our answer was a Project 941 submarine, tentatively named "Shark", better known as "Typhoon".

History of creation

Outstanding Soviet designer S. N. Kovalev

The development of Project 941 was entrusted to the team of the Leningrad TsKBMT Rubin, which was led by the outstanding Soviet designer Sergei Nikitovich Kovalev for several decades in a row. The boats were built at the Sevmash enterprise in Severodvinsk. In all respects, it was one of the most ambitious Soviet military projects, still stunning in its scale.

Typhoon on the stocks of the Sevmash plant

Its second name - "Typhoon" "Shark" is obliged to the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev. This is how he presented it to the delegates of the next party congress and to the rest of the world in 1981, which fully corresponded to its all-destroying potential.

Layout and dimensions

special attention deserve the size and layout of the nuclear underwater giant. Under the shell of the light hull was not quite an ordinary "catamaran" of 2 strong hulls arranged in parallel. For the torpedo compartment and the central post with the radio equipment compartment adjacent to it, sealed capsule-type compartments were created.

All 19 compartments of the boat communicated with each other. Horizontal folding rudders "Sharks" were located in the bow of the boat. In the event of its ascent from under the ice, a significant strengthening of the conning tower with a rounded cover and special reinforcements was provided.

"Shark" is striking in its gigantic size. No wonder it is considered the largest submarine in the world: its length - almost 173 meters - corresponds to two football fields. As for the underwater displacement, there was also a record here - about 50 thousand tons, which is almost three times higher than the corresponding characteristic of the American "Ohio".

And one more comparison - the average length of a football field is 105-110 meters. Now clearly:

Characteristics

The underwater speed of the main competitors was the same - 25 knots (a little over 43 km / h). The Soviet nuclear submarine could be on duty in autonomous mode for six months, diving to a depth of 400 meters and having an additional 100 meters in reserve.

To set this monster in motion, it was equipped with two 190-megawatt nuclear reactors, which powered two turbines with a capacity of about 50 thousand hp. The boat was moving thanks to two 7-bladed propellers with a diameter of more than 5.5 meters.

The "combat vehicle crew" consisted of 160 people, more than a third of which were officers. The creators of "Shark" showed a truly paternal concern for living conditions crew. For officers, 2 and 4-bed cabins were provided. Sailors and foremen were located in small cockpits with washbasins and televisions. Air conditioning was supplied to all living quarters. In their free time from the watch, the crew members could visit the swimming pool, sauna, gym or relax in the “living” corner.

Combat potential

Launch mines of the nuclear submarine "Typhoon"

In the event of a nuclear conflict, "Typhoon" could bring down on the enemy at the same time 20 R-39 nuclear missiles, with ten 200-kt multiple warheads each. Such a nuclear "typhoon" could turn the entire east coast of the United States into a desert in a matter of minutes.

In addition to ballistic missiles, the boat's arsenal included more than two dozen conventional and jet torpedoes, as well as Igla MANPADS. Especially for equipping Typhoons with missiles and torpedoes, the Alexander Brykin transport ship was developed with a displacement of 16 thousand tons and designed to carry 16 SLBMs.

In service

In just 13 years from 1976 to 1989, 6 Typhoon nuclear submarines left the stocks of Sevmash. Today, 3 units continue to serve - two in reserve and one - "Dmitry Donskoy" is used as the main object for testing the new Bulava missile system.