GOST 2.305 establishes the number of main types. Effect of this Policy
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INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION |
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INTERSTATE |
GOST |
Unified system design documentation
IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS,
SECTIONS
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Moscow Standardinform |
Preface
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-97 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Procedure for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"
Standard information
1. DEVELOPED by the Federal State unitary enterprise All-Russian Research Institute of Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH), Autonomous non-profit organization Research Center for CALS Technologies "Applied Logistics" (ANO Scientific Research Center for CALS Technologies "Applied Logistics")
2. INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
3. ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 33 of August 28, 2008)
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Short name of the country |
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Abbreviated name of the national authority |
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Azerbaijan |
Azstandard |
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Ministry of Trade and Economic Development |
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Belarus |
State Standard of the Republic of Belarus |
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Kazakhstan |
Gosstandart of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
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Kyrgyzstan |
Kyrgyzstandard |
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Moldova-Standard |
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Russian Federation |
Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology |
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Tajikistan |
Tajikstandard |
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Turkmenistan |
Main State Service "Turkmenstandartlary" |
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Gostpotrebstandart of Ukraine |
4. By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 25, 2008 No. 703-st, the interstate standard GOST 2.305-2008 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation on July 1, 2009.
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the index " National standards».
Information about changes to this standard is published in the “National Standards” index, and the text of the changes is published in information signs “National Standards”. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index “National Standards”
INTERSTATE STANDARD
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Unified system design documentation IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS Unified system for design documentation. Images - appearance, sections, profiles |
Date of introduction - 2009-07-01
1. Scope of application
This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their components) on drawings (electronic models) of all industries and construction.
2. Normative references
4.2. Images of objects in the drawing should be performed according to the method rectangular projection. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (see Figure 1).
Figure 1
4.3. The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the faces are combined with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4 .
4.4. The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.
4.5. Depending on the content, images are divided into types, sections, sections.
The scale of images located in direct projection connection with each other on the main projection planes is taken as the scale of the document and is recorded in the corresponding details of the main inscription (GOST 2.104). All other images made in the drawing on a different scale must have instructions about it.
4.6. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (see Figure 3).
Figure 2
Figure 3
4.7. When making a cut, the mental dissection of an object relates only to this cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (see Figure 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (see Figure 5).
Figure 4
Figure 5
4.8. The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane (see Figure 6).
It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (see Figure 7).
Figure 6
Figure 7
4.9. The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when applying those established in the relevant standards symbols, signs and inscriptions.
5. Types
5.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes have been established (main views, Figure 2):
1 - front view (main view);
2 - top view;
3 - left view;
4 - right view;
5 - bottom view;
6 - rear view.
When executing graphic documents in the form electronic models(GOST 2.052) saved views should be used to obtain the corresponding images.
In construction drawings necessary cases it is allowed to assign special names to the corresponding types, for example “facade”.
The names of views on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in 5.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation.
5.2. If the views from above, left, right, below, from behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (the view or section shown on the frontal projection plane), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (see Figure 8).
Figure 8
Drawings are drawn up in the same way if listed species separated from the main image by other images or not located on the same sheet with it.
When there is no image that can show the direction of view, the name of the species is inscribed.
In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections).
In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view.
5.3. If it is necessary to obtain a visual image of an object in the drawing, axonometric projections are used in accordance with GOST 2.317.
5.4. If any part of the object in the drawing cannot be shown in the views listed in 5.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used, obtained on planes not parallel to the main projection planes (see Figures 9 - 11). In electronic models, additional types are not used.
5.5. The additional view must be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (see Figures 9, 10), and the image of an object associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with a corresponding letter designation (for example, arrow B, Figures 9, 10).
Figure 9
Figure 10
When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (see Figure 11).
Figure 11
5.6. Additional views are arranged as shown in Figures 9 - 11. The arrangement of additional views according to Figures 9 and 11 is preferable.
An additional view can be rotated, but with, as a rule, maintaining the position adopted for a given item in the main image, and the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation - . If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (see Figure 12).
Several identical additional types related to one subject are designated by one letter and one type is drawn. If, in this case, parts of the object associated with an additional type are located at different angles, then a conventional graphic designation is not added to the type designation.
Figure 12
5.7. Local species (species G, Figure 8; view D, Figure 13) can be limited by the break line, if possible in the smallest size (view D, Figure 13), or not limited (view G, Figure 13). The local view should be marked on the drawing as additional view.
Figure 13
5.8. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view must correspond to those shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14
6. Cuts
6.1. Depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, the sections are divided into:
Horizontal (for example, a section A-A, Figure 13; cut B-B, Figure 15).
In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, such as “plan”;
Vertical (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Figure 13; sections A-A, B-V, G-G, Figure 15);
Oblique (for example, a cut IN-IN, Figure 8).
Depending on the number of cutting planes, sections are divided into:
Simple (see Figures 4, 5);
Complex (for example, incision A-A, Figure 8; cut B-B, Figure 15).
Figure 15
6.2. A vertical section can be frontal (for example, section, Figure 5, section A-A, Figure 16), and profile (for example, section B-B, Figure 13).
6.3. Complex cuts can be stepped (for example, a stepped horizontal cut B-B, Figure 15; stepped frontal section A-A, Figure 16) and broken lines (for example, cuts A-A, Figures 8 and 15).
Figure 16
6.4. The cuts are longitudinal (see Figure 17) and transverse, if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A And B-B, Figure 18).
Figure 17
Figure 18
6.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line should be used for the section line. In case of a complex cut, strokes are also made at the intersection of the cutting planes. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (see Figures 8 - 10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2 - 3 mm from the end of the stroke.
The starting and ending strokes must not intersect the outline of the corresponding image.
In cases such as those indicated in Figure 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line.
6.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the cutting planes, the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersection points from the outer corner.
The incision must be marked by type "A-A"(always two letters separated by a dash).
In construction drawings, near the section line, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters, as well as write the name of the section (plan) with an alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it.
6.7. When the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile sections the position of the secant plane is not marked and the cut is not labeled accompany (for example, a section at the site of the main species, Figure 13).
6.8. Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that accepted for a given item in the main image of the drawing (see Figure 12).
6.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the corresponding main views (see Figure 13).
6.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile planes of projections, as well as an inclined section must be constructed and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line.
It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section IN-IN, Figure 8), as well as with rotation to the position corresponding to that accepted for of this subject in the main image. In the latter case, a conventional graphic designation must be added to the inscription - (section Y-Y, Figure 15).
6.11. For broken cuts, the cutting planes are conventionally rotated until they are aligned into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (see Figure 19).
If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, Figures 8, 15). When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located behind it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is made (see Figure 20).
Figure 19
Figure 20
6.12. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (see Figure 21) or a solid thin line with a break (see Figure 22). These lines must not coincide with any other lines in the image.
Figure 21
Figure 22
6.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section can be connected by separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (see Figures 23 - 25). If at the same time half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (see Figure 26). It is also allowed to separate the section and the view by a thin dash-dotted line (see Figure 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it is a body of rotation.
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
6.14. It is allowed to connect a quarter of a view and quarters of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and half of another, etc. provided that each of these images is individually symmetrical.
7. Sections
7.1. Sections not included in the section are divided into:
Exposed (see Figures 6, 28);
Superimposed (see Figures 29 - 32).
Figure 28
Figure 29
It is allowed to place sections anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with rotation and the addition of a conventional graphic designation.
Extended sections are preferred and can be located in the gap between parts of the same type (see Figure 30).
Figure 30
In electronic models, only superimposed sections are used (see Figure 31).
Figure 31
7.2. In the drawings, the contour of the extended section, as well as the section included in the section, is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is shown with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (see Figures 13, 28, 29).
7.3. The axis of symmetry of an extended or superimposed section (see Figures 6, 29) is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters or arrows, and the section line is not drawn.
In cases similar to those indicated in Figure 30, with a symmetrical cross-sectional figure, the section line is not drawn.
7.4. In all other cases, in the drawings, an open line is used for the section line, indicating the direction of view with arrows and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - uppercase or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers).
In the drawings, the section is accompanied by an inscription like “ A-A"(see Figure 28). In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. On electronic models, the section is not accompanied by an inscription. It is recommended to assign the saved view, which is used to display the section, the name of the same name as the section by type "A-A".
7.5. On electronic models, a visual representation of the cutting plane should be used to indicate the location and viewing direction of the section. The contour of the image of the cutting plane is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is shown with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (see Figures 31, 32). It is allowed to highlight the image of the cutting plane in a color different from the color of the image of the object, if the display device of the electronic computer allows this.
Figure 32
In drawings for asymmetrical sections located in a gap (see Figure 33) or superimposed (see Figure 34), the section line is drawn with arrows, but is not marked with letters.
Figure 33
Figure 34
In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view.
7.6. The section in construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by arrows(for the drawing - Figure 28, for the electronic model - Figures 31, 32, 35).
To visualize sections on models, it is recommended to use saved views. In this case, all cutting planes used in the model must be uniquely identified, and all sections must be made to the scale of the electronic model.
To indicate the direction of view of the section, visible arrows should be used, as shown in Figures 31, 32. It is allowed to indicate the direction of view of the section, as shown in Figure 35.
The result of the section can be shown either by visualizing the lines defining the intersection of the cutting planes with the object, displayed directly on the model and overlapping its image (see Figure 32), or by removing material from the image of the object model (see Figure 35).
For broken and stepped sections, the cutting planes should be shown connected to each other (see Figure 35).
Figure 35
7.7. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is designated with one letter and one section is drawn (see Figures 36, 37).
Figure 36
Figure 37
If the cutting planes are directed at different angles (see Figure 38), then the conventional graphic designation is not applied.
Figure 38
When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.
7.8. The cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (see Figure 39).
Figure 39
7.9. If the cutting plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (see Figure 40).
Figure 40
7.10. If the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (see Figure 41).
Figure 41
7.11. Saved views must be associated with the item model, and changes to the model must cause corresponding section changes in all saved views.
8. Detail elements
8.1. A remote element is used in drawings, as a rule, to place any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding shape, size and other data.
In electronic models, remote elements are not used.
The detail element may contain details not indicated on the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the detail element may be a section).
8.2. When using an extension element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of a leader element in a capital letter or a combination of a capital letter and an Arabic numeral on the shelf of the leader line. Above the image of the extension element, indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (see Figure 42). Scale values are according to GOST 2.302.
Figure 42
In construction drawings, the extension element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. On the image from which the element is being taken out, and on the callout element, it is also allowed to apply the alphabetic or numeric number assigned to the callout element ( Arabic numerals) designation and name.
8.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place in the image of the object.
9. Conventions and simplifications
9.1. The detail of the image of the object is established by the developer based on the requirements for the content of the document, depending on the stage of development (GOST 2.103) and the type of document (GOST 2.102).
9.2. If the view, section or section is a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (View B, Figure 13) or slightly more than half of the image, drawing a break line in the latter case (see Figure 25).
9.3. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then the image of this object shows one or two such elements in full (for example, one or two holes, Figure 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional manner (see Figure 43).
It is allowed to depict a part of an object (see Figures 44, 45) with appropriate instructions on the number of elements, their location, etc.
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
9.4. In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, circular arcs and straight lines are drawn (see Figures 46, 47).
Figure 46
Figure 47
9.5. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (see Figures 48 - 50) or not shown at all (see Figures 51 - 53).
Figure 48
Figure 49
Figure 50
Figure 51
Figure 52
Figure 53
Simplifications similar to those shown in Figures 54 - 57 are allowed.
Figure 54
Figure 55
Figure 56
Figure 57
9.6. Parts such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc., are shown uncut in a longitudinal section. The balls are always shown uncut.
As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings.
Elements such as spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such element.
If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Figures 21, 22.
9.7. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) of no more than 2 mm are depicted in the drawing with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image in the direction of enlargement.
9.8. A slight taper or slope may be depicted with magnification.
If the slope or taper is not clearly visible, for example, the main view in Figure 56 or the top view in Figure 57, then only one line is drawn on the images, corresponding to the smaller size of the element with the slope or the smaller base of the cone.
9.9. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of an object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (see Figure 58).
Figure 58
9.10. Objects or elements that have a constant or naturally changing cross-section (shafts, chains, rods, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks.
Partial and broken images are limited in one of the following ways:
a) a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the contour of the image to a length of 2 - 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (see Figure 59);
Figure 59
b) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (see Figure 60);
Figure 60
c) hatch lines (see Figure 61).
Figure 61
9.11. In the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braiding, ornament, relief, knurling, etc. it is allowed to depict these elements partially with possible simplification (see Figure 62).
Figure 62
9.12. To simplify drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed:
a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane should be depicted with a thick dash-dotted line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Figure 63);
b) use complex cuts (see Figure 64);
Figure 63
Figure 64
c) to show holes in the hubs of gear wheels, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (see Figure 65) or groove (see Figure 55);
Figure 65
d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the secant plane (see Figure 15).
9.13. If a top view is not necessary and the drawing is compiled from images on the frontal and profile projection planes, then with a stepped section, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in Figure 66.
Figure 66
9.14. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc. are established by relevant standards.
9.15. The conventional graphic designation “rotated” should correspond to Figure 67 and “expanded” - Figure 68.
Figure 67
Figure 68
Bibliography
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ISO 5456-2:1996 |
Technical drawings. Projection methods. Part 2. Representation in orthographic projection |
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ISO 5456-3:1996 |
Technical drawings. Projection methods. Part 3. Axonometric projection |
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ISO 10303-202:1996 |
Production automation systems and their integration. Presentation and exchange of product data. Part 202. Application protocol. Associative drawing |
GOST 2.305-2008
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Unified system of design documentation
IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS
Unified system for design documentation. Images - appearance, sections, profiles
ISS 01.100.01
Date of introduction 2009-07-01
Preface
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-97 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Procedure for development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation"
Standard information
1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Research Institute of Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH), Autonomous Non-Profit Organization Scientific Research Center for CALS Technologies "Applied Logistics" (ANO NIC CALS Technologies "Applied Logistics")
2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol No. 33 of August 28, 2008)
Azerbaijan |
Azstandard |
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Gostpotrebstandart of Ukraine |
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4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of December 25, 2008 N 703-st interstate standard GOST 2.305-2008 put into effectas national standard Russian Federation from July 1, 2009
5 INSTEAD GOST 2.305-68
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard
published in the "National Standards" index.
Information about changes to this standard is published in the “National Standards” index, and the text of the changes is published in the “National Standards” information indexes. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"
1 Application area
This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their components) on drawings (electronic models) of all industries and construction.
GOST 2.052-2006 Unified system of design documentation. Electronic model of the product. General provisions
GOST 2.102-68 Unified system of design documentation. Types and completeness of design documents
GOST 2.103-68 Unified system of design documentation. Stages of development GOST 2.104-2006 Unified system of design documentation. Basic inscriptions
GOST 2.109-73 Unified system of design documentation. Basic requirements for drawings
GOST 2.302-68 Unified system of design documentation. Scope GOST 2.317-69 Unified system of design documentation. Axonometric projections
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards on the territory of the state according to the corresponding index of standards compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed)
standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:
3.1 vertical section: A section made by cutting planes perpendicular to
To horizontal projection plane.
3.2 type of item (type): An orthogonal projection of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer, located between it and the projection plane.
3.3 extended section: A section located in a drawing outside the contour of the image of an object or in a gap between parts of one image.
3.4 callout: An additional, usually enlarged, separate image of part of an object.
3.5 main view of the item (main view): The main view of an object on the frontal projection plane, which gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object, relative to which the other main views are located.
3.6 horizontal section: A section made by secant planes parallel to the horizontal projection plane.
3.7 additional type of item (additional type):An image of an object on a plane not parallel to any of the main projection planes, used for an undistorted image of the surface if it cannot be obtained in the main view.
3.8 broken cut: A complex cut made by intersecting planes.
3.9 local type of item (local view): Image of a separate limited area of the surface of an object.
3.10 local cut: A cut made with a secant plane only in a separate, limited area of the object.
3.11 oblique cut: A section made by a cutting plane, part of
horizontal projection plane at an angle other than a straight line.
3.12 superimposed section: A section located directly on the image of an object along the trace of the cutting plane.
3.13 orthogonal (rectangular) projection:A parallel projection of an object or part of it onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of the projecting rays, representing one of the faces of a hollow cube, combined with the drawing, within which the object is mentally placed.
3.14 main type of item (main type):The type of object that is obtained by combining the object and its image on one of the faces of the hollow cube, inside which the object is mentally placed, with the plane of the drawing.
Note - The main type of an object can refer to the object as a whole, its section or section.
3.15 parallel projection: An image of an object or part of it, obtained by projecting them with an imaginary parallel beam of rays onto a plane.
3.16 cross section: A cut made by a cutting plane directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object.
3.17 longitudinal section: A cut made by a cutting plane directed along the length or height of an object.
3.18 simple cut: A cut made by one cutting plane.
3.19 profile section: A vertical section made by secant planes parallel to the profile plane of projections.
3.20 section of an object (section): An orthogonal projection of an object mentally dissected in whole or in part by one or more planes to reveal its invisible surfaces.
3.21 section of an object (section): Orthogonal projection of a figure resulting in one or more cutting planes or surfaces when mental dissection projected object.
Note - If necessary, it is possible to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which can be developed onto the drawing plane.
3.22 complex cut: A cut made by two or more cutting planes.
3.23 step cut: A complex section made by parallel cutting planes.
3.24 frontal section: A vertical section made by secant planes parallel to the frontal plane of projections.
4 Basic provisions
4.1 General requirements for the content of the drawing - according to GOST 2.109, electronic model of the product - according to GOST 2.052.
4.2 Images of objects in the drawing should be performed using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (see Figure 1).
Figure 1
4.3 The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the faces are combined with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4.
Figure 2
4.4 The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.
4.5 Depending on the content, images are divided into types, sections, sections.
The scale of images located in direct projection connection with each other on the main projection planes is taken as the scale of the document and is recorded in the corresponding details of the main inscription (GOST 2.104). All other images made in the drawing on a different scale must have instructions about it.
4.6 To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (see Figure 3).
Figure 3
4.7 When making a cut, mental dissection of an object applies only to this
cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (see Figure 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (see Figure 5).
Figure 4
Figure 5
4.8 The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane (see Figure 6).
Figure 6
It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (see Figure 7).
Figure 7
4.9 The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.
5 Types
5.1 The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes have been established (main views, Figure 2):
1 - front view (main view);
2 - top view;
3 - left view;
4 - right view;
5 - bottom view;
6 - rear view.
When executing graphic documents in the form of electronic models (GOST 2.052), saved views should be used to obtain the corresponding images.
In construction drawings, where necessary, it is allowed to assign special names to the corresponding views, for example “façade”.
The names of views on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in 5.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation.
5.2 If the views from above, left, right, below, behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (view or section shown on the front projection plane), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (see Figure 8).
GOST 2.305-68
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Unified system of design documentation
IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS
Unified system for design documentation. Image - appearance, sections
ISS 01.100.01
Date of introduction 1971-01-01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee on Standards, Measures and measuring instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 28, 1968 N 754
3. The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88
4. INSTEAD GOST 3453-59 in terms of sections I-V, VII and appendices
5. EDITION (August 2007) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)
This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their components) in drawings of all industries and construction.
The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88.
1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).
1.2. The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are aligned with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Edge 6
allowed to be placed next to the edge 4.
1.3. The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.
1.4. The images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into types, sections, sections.
1.5. View - an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (Figure 3).
1.6. A cut is an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object relates only to this cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).
Damn.4
Damn.5
1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.
It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).
Damn.7
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
1.8. The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.
2. TYPES
2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, drawing 2):
1
- front view (main view);
2 -
top view;
3 -
left view;
4 -
right view;
5 -
bottom view;
6 -
rear view.
In construction drawings, if necessary, the corresponding views may be given other names, for example, “facade”.
The names of types should not be inscribed on the drawings, except as provided in clause 2.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation.
2.2. If the views from above, left, right, below, from behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (the view or section shown on the frontal plane of projections), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).
Damn.8
Drawings are designed in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it.
When there is no image that can show the direction of view, the name of the species is inscribed.
In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections).
In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view.
2.3. If any part of an object cannot be shown in the views listed in clause 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used, obtained on planes not parallel to the main planes of projections (Fig. 9-11).
2.4. An additional view must be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Fig. 9, 10), and the image of an object associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with a corresponding letter image (arrow B, drawing 9, 10).
Damn.9
When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).
2.2-2.4. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
2.5. Additional views are arranged as shown in Figures 9-11. The location of additional views according to Figures 9 and 11 is preferable.
An additional view can be rotated, but with, as a rule, maintaining the position adopted for a given item in the main image, and the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12).
Several identical additional types related to one subject are designated by one letter and one type is drawn. If, in this case, parts of the object associated with an additional type are located at different angles, then a conventional graphic designation is not added to the type designation.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2).
2.6. The image of a separate, limited area of the surface of an object is called a local view (view G, damn.8; view D, devil.13).
The local view may be limited to the cliff line, in the smallest possible size (view D, drawing 13), or not limited (type G, devil.13). The detail view should be marked on the drawing like the supplementary view.
2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view must correspond to those shown in Fig. 14.
2.6, 2.7. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
Damn.14
3. CUT
3.1. The sections are divided, depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, into:
horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section A-A, devil.13; cut B-B, damn.15).
In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, such as "plan";
vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section in place of the main view, Fig. 13; sections A-A, B-B, G-G, damn.15);
inclined - the secant plane makes an angle with the horizontal projection plane that is different from a straight line (for example, a section V-V, damn.8).
Depending on the number of cutting planes, the sections are divided into:
simple - with one cutting plane (for example, drawings 4, 5);
complex - with several cutting planes (for example, a section A-A, damn.8; cut B-B, damn.15).
3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections (for example, section, Fig. 5; section A-A, drawing 16), and profile, if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, a section B-B, damn.13).
Damn.15
Damn.16
Damn.18
3.3. Complex cuts can be stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal cut B-B, damn.15; stepped frontal section A-A, drawing 16), and broken lines if the cutting planes intersect (for example, cuts A-A, drawings 8 and 15).
3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Fig. 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A And B-B, damn.18).
3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. In case of a complex cut, strokes are also made at the intersection of the cutting planes. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke.
The starting and ending strokes must not intersect the outline of the corresponding image.
In cases like that indicated in Fig. 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line.
3.1-3.5. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of cutting planes, the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersection points from the outer corner.
The incision should be marked by type " A-A” (always two letters separated by a dash).
In construction drawings, near the section line, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters, as well as inscribe the name of the section (plan) with an alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it.
3.7. When the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile sections the position of the secant plane is not marked, and the cut is inscribed do not accompany (for example, a section at the site of the main species, Fig. 13).
3.8. Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that accepted for a given item in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12).
3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the corresponding main views (Figure 13).
3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile plane of projections, as well as an inclined section must be constructed and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line.
It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section V-V, Fig.8), as well as with rotation to the position corresponding to that accepted for this object in the main image. In the latter case, a conventional graphic designation must be added to the inscription (section G-G, damn.15).
3.11. For broken cuts, the secant planes are conventionally rotated until they align into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19).
If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, lines 8, 15). When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is made (Fig. 20).
3.12. An incision that serves to clarify the structure of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local.
The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Fig. 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 22). These lines must not coincide with any other lines in the image.
3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section can be connected by separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If in this case half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also allowed to separate the section and the view by a thin dash-dotted line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it is a body of revolution.
3.10-3.13. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
3.14. It is allowed to connect a quarter of a view and quarters of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and half of another, etc. provided that each of these images is individually symmetrical.
4. SECTIONS
4.1. Sections not included in the section are divided into:
taken out (Fig. 6, 28);
superimposed (Fig. 29).
Extended sections are preferable and can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).
Damn.29
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
4.2. The contour of the extended section, as well as the section included in the section, is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29).
4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn.
In cases similar to those indicated in Fig. 30, with a symmetrical cross-sectional figure, the section line is not drawn.
In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line, indicating the direction of view with arrows and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - upper or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription according to type "A-A"(Figure 28). In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section.
For asymmetrical sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but not marked with letters.
In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view.
4.4. The section in construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation and the addition of a conventional graphic symbol.
4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is designated with one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34).
If the secant planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation is not applied.
When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.
4.6. The cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36).
4.7. If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37).
4.8. If the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).
4.4-4.8. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
5. REMOTE ELEMENTS
5.1. A detachable element is an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding shape, size and other data.
The detail element may contain details not indicated on the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the detail element may be a section).
5.2. When using an extension element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of a leader element in a capital letter or a combination of a capital letter and an Arabic numeral on the shelf of the leader line. Above the image of the extension element, indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).
Damn.39
In construction drawings, the extension element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. The image from which the element is being taken out, and the extension element, may also have an alphabetic or numeric (Arabic numerals) designation and name assigned to the extension element.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place in the image of the object.
6. CONVENTIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS
6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (View B, Figure 13) or slightly more than half of the image, drawing a break line in the latter case (Figure 25).
6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then the image of this object shows one or two such elements in full (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional manner (Fig. 40).
It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with appropriate instructions on the number of elements, their location, etc.
6.3. In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, circular arcs and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).
6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).
Damn.45
Damn.46
Damn.47
Damn.48
Damn.49
Damn.50
Simplifications similar to those indicated in Fig. 51, 52 are allowed.
Damn.51
Damn.52
Damn.53
6.5. Parts such as screws, rivets, keys, hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc. in a longitudinal section they are shown undissected. The balls are always shown uncut.
As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings.
Elements such as spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element.
If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, in the direction of enlargement.
6.7. It is permissible to depict a slight taper or slope with magnification.
In those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly visible, for example, the main view in Fig. 54a or the top view in Fig. 54b, only one line is drawn, corresponding to the smaller size of the element with the slope or the smaller base of the cone.
6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of an object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Fig. 55).
Damn.54
Damn.55
6.9. Objects or elements that have a constant or naturally changing cross-section (shafts, chains, rods, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks.
Partial and broken images are limited in one of the following ways:
a) a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);
Devil.56a
Devil.56a
b) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Figure 56b);
Devil.56b
Devil.56b
c) hatching lines (Figure 56c).
Devil.56v
Devil.56v
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
6.10. In the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braiding, ornament, relief, knurling, etc. It is allowed to depict these elements partially, with possible simplification (Figure 57).
6.11. To simplify drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed:
a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane should be depicted with a thick dash-dotted line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Fig. 58);
b) use complex cuts (Fig. 59);
Damn.57
Damn.58
Damn.59
Damn.59
c) to show holes in the hubs of gear wheels, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52);
d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the secant plane (Fig. 15).
6.12. If a top view is not necessary and the drawing is compiled from images on the frontal and profile projection planes, then with a stepped section, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are drawn as shown in Fig. 61.
Damn.60
Damn.61
Damn.61
6.11, 6.12. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
6.13. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards.
6.14. The conventional graphic designation “rotated” must correspond to drawing 62 and “expanded” - drawing 63.
Damn.62
Damn.63
(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 2).
APPENDIX according to GOST 2.317-69.
Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Unified system of design documentation:
Sat. GOST. - M.: Standartinform, 2007
Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).
The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are aligned with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Edge 6 allowed to be placed next to the edge 4.
The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.
The images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into types, sections, sections.
View - an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (Figure 3).
Drawing 2 Drawing 3
A cut is an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object applies only to this cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).
Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.
It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).
The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.
GOST 2.306-68 designations of graphic materials and rules for their application on drawings
The general graphic designation of materials in sections, regardless of the type of materials, must correspond to Figure 1a.
Graphic designations of materials in sections, depending on the type of materials, must correspond to those given in Table 1.
It is allowed to use additional designations for materials not provided for in this standard, explaining them in the drawing.
Table 1
|
#G0Material |
Designation |
|
1. Metals and hard alloys | |
|
2. Non-metallic materials, including fibrous monolithic and slab (pressed), with the exception of those indicated below | |
|
3. Wood | |
|
4. Natural stone |
(approved by Gosstandart of the USSR)
Revision dated 08/01/1989 - The document is not valid
STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS
Unified system for design documentation. Image - appearance, sections
GOST 2.305-68
(as amended by Amendments No. 1, No. 2)
Date of introduction 1971-01-01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
DEVELOPERS
V.R.Verchenko, Yu.I.Stepanov, Ya.G.Starozhilets, B.Ya.Kabakov, V.K.Anopova
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967.
3. INSTEAD GOST 3453-59 regarding section. I-V, VII and appendices
4. REISSUE (August 1995) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)
This standard establishes the rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their components) in drawings of all industries and construction.
The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).
1.2. The six faces of the cube are taken as the main projection planes; the edges are aligned with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4.
1.3 The image on the frontal plane of projections is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal projection plane so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.
1.4. The images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into types, sections, sections.
1.5. View - an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show the necessary invisible parts of the surface of an object in views using dashed lines (Figure 3).
1.6 Section - an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of an object relates only to this section and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).
1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.
It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
1.8. The number of images (types, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.
2. TYPES
2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, drawing 2):
1 - front view (main view);
2 - top view;
3 - left view;
4 - right view;
5 - bottom view;
6 - rear view.
In construction drawings, if necessary, the corresponding views may be given other names, for example, “facade”.
The names of types should not be inscribed on the drawings, except as provided in clause 2.2. In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type and assign it an alphabetic, numerical or other designation.
2.2. If the views from above, left, right, below, from behind are not in direct projection connection with the main image (the view or section shown on the frontal plane of projections), then the direction of projection should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be placed above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).
Drawings are designed in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it.
When there is no image that can show the direction of view, the name of the species is inscribed.
In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections).
In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
2.3. If any part of an object cannot be shown in the views listed in clause 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used, obtained on planes not parallel to the main planes of projections (Fig. 9-11).
Damn.9 (as amended by Changes No. 2)
2.4. The additional view must be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Fig. 9, 10), and the image of an object associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with a corresponding letter image (arrow B, Fig. 9, 10).
When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
2.5. Additional views are arranged as shown in Figures 9-11. The location of additional views according to Figures 9 and 11 is preferable.
An additional view can be rotated, but with, as a rule, maintaining the position adopted for a given item in the main image, and the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12).
Several identical additional types related to one subject are designated by one letter and one type is drawn. If, in this case, parts of the object associated with an additional type are located at different angles, then a conventional graphic designation is not added to the type designation. (as amended by Amendments No. 1, No. 2)
2.6. The image of a separate, limited area of the surface of an object is called a local view (type D, figure 8; view E, figure 13).
The local view can be limited to the cliff line, in the smallest possible size (type D, Fig. 13), or not limited (type D, Fig. 13). The detail view should be marked on the drawing like the supplementary view.
Damn.13 (as amended by Changes No. 2)
2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view must correspond to those shown in Fig. 14. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
3. CUT
3.1. The sections are divided, depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, into:
horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, section A-A, drawing 13; section B-B, drawing 15).
In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, such as "plan";
vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Fig. 13; sections A-A, B-B, G-G, Fig. 15);
inclined - the secant plane makes an angle with the horizontal plane of projections that is different from a straight line (for example, section B-B, Fig. 8).
Depending on the number of cutting planes, the sections are divided into:
simple - with one cutting plane (for example, drawings 4, 5);
complex - with several cutting planes (for example, section A-A, Fig. 8; section B-B, Fig. 15). (as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections (for example, section, Fig. 5; section A-A, Fig. 16), and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, section BB, Fig. .13). (as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.3. Complex sections can be stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal section B-B, Fig. 15; a stepped frontal section A-A, Fig. 16), and broken if the cutting planes intersect (for example, sections A-A, drawings 8 and 15).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Fig. 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A and B-B, Fig. 18).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. In case of a complex cut, strokes are also made at the intersection of the cutting planes. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke.
The starting and ending strokes must not intersect the outline of the corresponding image.
In cases like that indicated in Fig. 18, arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of cutting planes, the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersection points from the outer corner.
The cut must be marked with an inscription like “A-A” (always two letters separated by a dash).
In construction drawings, near the section line, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters, as well as inscribe the name of the section (plan) with an alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it.
3.7. When the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile sections the position of the secant plane is not marked, and the cut is inscribed do not accompany (for example, a section at the site of the main species, Fig. 13).
3.8. Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that accepted for a given item in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12).
3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the corresponding main views (Figure 13).
3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile planes of projections, as well as an inclined section must be constructed and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line.
It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Fig. 8), as well as with rotation to a position corresponding to that accepted for this item in the main image. In the latter case, the symbol ris011 ( G-G section,Fig.15). (as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.11. For broken cuts, the secant planes are conventionally rotated until they align into one plane, and the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19).
If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, Fig. 8, 15). When rotating the secant plane, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is made (Fig. 20).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.12. An incision that serves to clarify the structure of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local.
The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Fig. 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 22). These lines must not coincide with any other lines in the image.
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section can be connected by separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If in this case half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also possible to separate the section and view by a thin dash-dotted line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it represents a body of rotation.
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
3.14. It is allowed to combine a quarter of a view and quarters of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and half of another, etc., provided that each of these images is individually symmetrical.
4. SECTIONS
4.1. Sections not included in the section are divided into:
taken out (Fig. 6, 28);
superimposed (Fig. 29).
Extended sections are preferable and can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
4.2. The contour of the extended section, as well as the section included in the section, is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29).
4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a thin dash-dotted line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn.
In cases similar to those indicated in Fig. 30, with a symmetrical cross-sectional figure, the section line is not drawn.
In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line, indicating the direction of view with arrows and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - upper or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription like “AA” (Fig. 28). In construction drawings it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section.
For asymmetrical sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but not marked with letters.
In construction drawings, for symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view.
4.4. The section in construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation with the addition of a conventional graphic designation ris011 (as amended by Changes No. 2)
4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is designated with one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34).
If the cutting planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation ris011 is not applied.
When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
4.6 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
4.7. If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37). (as amended by Changes No. 2)
4.8. If the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
5. REMOTE ELEMENTS
5.1. A detachable element is an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding shape, size and other data.
The detail element may contain details not indicated on the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the detail element may be a section).
5.2. When using a callout element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the callout element in a capital letter or a combination of a capital letter and an Arabic numeral on the shelf of the leader line. Above the image of the extension element, indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).
In construction drawings, the extension element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. The image from which the element is being taken out, and the extension element, may also have an alphabetic or numeric (Arabic numerals) designation and name assigned to the extension element. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place in the image of the object.
6. CONVENTIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS
6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (View B, Figure 13) or slightly more than half of the image, drawing a break line in the latter case (Figure 25).
6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then the image of this object shows one or two such elements in full (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional manner (Fig. 40).
It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with appropriate instructions on the number of elements, their location, etc.
6.3. In views and sections, it is allowed to depict in a simplified manner the projections of the lines of intersection of surfaces, if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, circular arcs and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).
6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).
Simplifications similar to those indicated in Fig. 51, 52 are allowed.
6.5. Parts such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc. are shown uncut in a longitudinal section. The balls are always shown uncut.
As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings.
Elements such as spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element.
If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53. (as amended by Changes No. 2)
6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, in the direction of enlargement.
6.7. It is permissible to depict a slight taper or slope with magnification.
In those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly visible, for example, the main view in Fig. 54a or the top view in Fig. 54b, only one line is drawn, corresponding to the smaller size of the element with the slope or the smaller base of the cone.
6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of an object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Fig. 55).
6.9. Objects or elements that have a constant or naturally changing cross-section (shafts, chains, rods, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks.
Partial and broken images are limited in one of the following ways:
a) a continuous thin line with a break, which can extend beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);
b) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Figure 56b);
c) hatching lines (Figure 56c).
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
6.10. In the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, braiding, ornament, relief, knurling, etc. It is allowed to depict these elements partially, with possible simplification (Figure 57).
6.11. To simplify drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed:
a) depict the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane as a dashed thick line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Fig. 58);
b) use complex cuts (Fig. 59);
c) to show holes in the hubs of gear wheels, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52);
d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the secant plane (Fig. 15). (as amended by Changes No. 2)
6.12. If a top view is not necessary and the drawing is compiled from images on the frontal and profile projection planes, then with a stepped section, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are drawn as shown in Fig. 61.
(as amended by Changes No. 2)
6.13. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards.
6.14. The conventional graphic designation “rotated” must correspond to drawing 62 and “expanded” - drawing 63.
(as amended by Changes No. 2).
