early warning stations. Early warning radar station. New generation radar

Lieutenant Colonel M. Balinin, candidate of technical sciences;
senior lieutenant A. Dalandin

In the United States, to create a continuous radar field for detecting air targets (OVC) over the North American continent and in border areas, early warning radar stations (RLS) of air defense (AD) are actively used. Ensuring the solution of this problem is entrusted to the US-Canadian command of the aerospace defense of the North American continent (NORAD). It consists of about 120 ground posts equipped with air defense radars, including more than 70 early warning (ED), providing round-the-clock control of airspace at an altitude of up to 30 km.

Ground-based radars are made in stationary and transportable (mobile) versions. As of the end of 2015, the NORAD system uses fixed radars AN / FPS-117, AN / TPS-77, ARSR-4 and mobile transportable stations AN / TPS--70, -75 and -78 for long-range detection. Further plans include equipping the US Armed Forces with new air defense stations - 3DELLR and multifunctional AN / TPS-80, as well as upgrading and extending the service life of existing radars.

The most numerous long-range air defense radars in the US and Canada are the AN / FPS-117 and ARSR-4. Deployed along the perimeter of the continental United States (ARSR-4), in the northern regions of the United States and Canada (AN / FPS-117), they protect important military, administrative installations and infrastructure of the United States and Canada from air strikes.

Posts in the north of the Canadian border are included in the Northern Warning System (NWS - North American Northern Warning System) NORAD. AN/FPS-124 low-flying target detection stations are deployed between the early warning radars, which makes it possible to create a continuous detection zone, including cruise missiles, at all altitude levels.

Station AN / FPS-117 is a stationary three-coordinate air defense radar for early detection. It was developed by Lockheed Martin specialists on the basis of the AN / TPS-59 station, which is in service with the US Marine Corps.

Radars of the AN / FPS-117 family are distinguished by increased radiation power, various linear dimensions of the phased array, as well as enhanced capabilities for detecting tactical and operational-tactical missiles.

Air defense posts equipped with the AN / FPS-117 station have been operating around the clock since the mid-1980s. They are located around the perimeter of the continental United States, in northern Canada, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. These posts provide automatic detection and tracking of air targets at ranges up to 470 km. Due to the difficult access to the equipment of stations deployed in hard-to-reach northern regions, they are made in a low-maintenance version with remote control and monitoring.

As part of the EPRP (Essential Parts Replacement Program) program to improve the hardware and software of air defense posts, it is planned to complete the modernization of all 29 AN / FPS-117 stations in 2015 (15 in Alaska, 11 in Canada, one each in the Hawaiian Islands). wah, in Puerto Rico and Utah). This will extend their service life until 2025, as well as expand their ability to detect VCs. The contract worth more than $46 million, concluded with Lockheed Martin, provides for the replacement of frequency generators and voltage stabilizers, power supplies for remote control system elements, air situation display devices, temperature and humidity sensors, as well as other hardware units and stations . Along with this, it is planned to replace the radar interrogators of the "friend or foe" state identification system with new ones. The upgraded radars will have a high level of reliability and increased time between failures.

In the United States, work is also underway to further modernize the AN / TPS-59 radar, on the basis of which the AN / FPS-117 station was created, in the direction of improving its capabilities in the interests of missile defense. So, in 2014, Lockheed Martin signed a contract with the US Armed Forces in the amount of $ 35.7 million for the production and delivery by mid-2017 to the expeditionary units of the Marine Corps of several sets of an improved version - AN / TPS-59A (V) 3.

Station AN/TPS-77 is an upgraded mobile (transportable) version of the AN / FPS-117 radar. In contrast to it, this station is equipped with a phased antenna array (PAR) of a smaller area (27.1 m 2), has a reduced average power consumption (3.6 kW) and an increased space survey rate (up to 12 rpm). Two such stations were deployed in 2008 in the mountainous part of Alaska to create a continuous detection zone over its territory. Due to the harsh climate conditions, they are also made in a low-maintenance version. Stations AN / TPS-77 of various versions are in service with Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Latvia, Estonia, the Republic of Korea and a number of other countries.

Mobile version of the AN / TPS-77 MRR radar differs from the basic one (AN / TPS-77) in twice the area of ​​the PAR aperture (12.9 m 2), its higher speed of rotation (15 rpm) and a shorter detection range (185 km).

In the early 1990s, when deployed early warning stations provided radar cover from the air to the northern borders of the United States and Canada, it became necessary to provide air defense around the perimeter of the continent. To this end, in the period from 1992 to 1995, 44 ARSR-4 radars (according to military classification - AN / FPS-130) manufactured by the American company Northrop-Grumman were deployed.

Station ARSR-4 is designed for long-range (up to 450 km) detection of up to 800 ATs, including cruise missiles, as well as for determining their coordinates at low and extremely low altitudes. All stations are placed on truss supports with an antenna under a radio-transparent dome (diameter 18 m) for protection from wind and precipitation. The antenna in the form of a truncated parabolic reflector with a displaced feed provides a view due to electronic beam scanning of the radiation pattern in elevation and circular - mechanical rotation of the turntable in azimuth.

Stations of dual (military and civil) subordination ARSR-4 carry out bilateral exchange and data transmission in the interests of the NORAD command and the unified air defense airspace surveillance system - JSS (JSS - Joint Surveillance System). They are operated and maintained by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA - Federal Aviation Administration).

Current plans provide for the use of ARSR-4 stations in the air defense / air traffic control network until 2025.

In the coming years, it is planned to begin re-equipping the country's armed forces with two new air defense radars for long-range detection of the VTs - 3DELLR and AN / TPS-80.

In the US Air Force, the main ground-based mobile early warning radar (AWACS) is the tactical aviation control station (UTA) AN / TPS-75. According to American experts, over 30 years of operation, these mobile radars have shown high efficiency in detecting and identifying ATs of various classes. High mobility and speed of deployment in unprepared positions allows them to be regularly involved in various activities to ensure airspace security. In recent years, the stations have been actively used after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, during the preparation and holding of the Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City and the summit of the G8 heads of state in Canada.

The AN / TPS-70, -75 and -78 stations, which are in service with the UTA squadrons (ACS-Air Control Squadron), are capable of solving the tasks of the OTC (up to 440 km), determining their coordinates and simultaneously tracking up to 1000 targets. It is also possible to deploy them in a stationary version on truss supports up to 30 m high. The station equipment provides target designation to the Patriot anti-aircraft missile systems of the PAK-3 modification, as well as work as part of a single network of posts.

Stations of the AN/TPS-70 family differ in the linear dimensions of the flat slit PARs, the number and parameters of the formed beams of the radiation pattern, the rate of space survey, as well as fixed sets of basic values ​​of the radiation parameters - the duration and repetition periods of the pulses.

In the future, all UTA stations will be replaced by a promising new-generation air defense radar - 3DELRR (Three-Dimensional Expeditionary Long-Range Radar) from Raytheon. Until the end of 2018, under the contract, it is planned to supply the US Air Force with the first three of 35 stations in the amount of $1.3 billion. The cost of designing, developing and creating the first three samples will be $70 million.

The need to replace obsolete AN / TPS-75 stations, according to American experts, is caused by their insufficient capabilities to detect modern small-sized and highly maneuverable aerodynamic targets with a small effective scattering area (ESR), including those made using the "stelt" technology, as well as their low reliability (short time between failures) and complexity of repair.

Three-coordinate radar 3DELRR designed to detect, identify and track ballistic and aerodynamic targets at a distance of up to. 450 km, as well as to control the actions of tactical aviation and air traffic. It, like the Patriot air defense radar, should operate in the 4-6 GHz frequency range (C-band), which, according to Raytheon specialists, is the least loaded compared to the 2-4 GHz range (S-band) and will create fewer EMC problems for potential foreign buyers.

The main advantage of the new radar is the use of a modern element base based on gallium nitride (GaN) in the manufacture of AFAR transceiver modules (TPM). This allows you to significantly increase the ability to detect targets and the speed of processing data about them, with a smaller antenna size and power consumption compared to PPM based on gallium arsenide.

Since 2003, work has been underway to create an AN / TPS-80G / ATOR (Ground / Air Task Oriented Radar) radar for the US Marine Corps Expeditionary Forces as part of the MRRS (Multi-Role Radar System) project. It is designed to become a key information component of air defense for amphibious assault in the coastal zone on enemy territory. According to the list of requirements for the new radar developed by the MP command, it must protect the ground group from air, missile and artillery strikes. At the same time, the radar complex (GWLR - Ground Weapons Locating Radar), through the use of modern AFAR and special software, will be able to solve the problems of counter-battery combat, including with the simultaneous operation of several stations as part of a single network.

New multifunctional transportable station AN/TPS-80 is designed to detect, recognize, classify and determine the coordinates of the AT, including small-sized (cruise missiles, UAVs), firing positions of enemy firing artillery and solving ATC tasks. At the same time, the counter-battery warfare subsystem (CSC) should ensure the detection, detection and determination of the coordinates of the batteries of multiple launch rocket systems, mortar and artillery positions of the enemy at a distance of up to 70 km, identify the places where ammunition fell and correct the fire of their own artillery with data transmission via modern ACS communication channels AFATDS (Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System) field artillery fire.

The new three-coordinate station is pulse-Doppler, equipped with APAA and operates in the 10-cm wavelength range. It will replace five radars for various purposes in service with the Marine Corps: AN / UPS-3, AN / MPQ-62 and AN / TPS-63 (air defense); AN / TPQ-46 - KBB; AN / TPS-73 - air traffic control. According to expert estimates, in terms of the detection and target designation range of one station, G / ATOR will completely cover all of these stations when deployed in one area.

Since 2010, factory and field tests of the complex have been carried out. The first batch of four AN / TPS-80 radars will be delivered by 2016 to the US Marine Corps by Northrop-Grumman under a $207 million contract. At the same time, its terms provide for a possible increase in the volume of the order and the amount up to 2 billion, as well as further maintenance of the radar, software support and training of specialists in this field.

Thus, in the United States, work is underway to modernize existing and replace obsolete ground-based radar reconnaissance of air targets with new radars* Particular attention is paid to the following issues: multifunctionality, ensuring high performance in terms of detection range, mobility, secrecy, noise immunity, reliability and maintainability in the field . Their solution is achieved through the use of modern element base, modular design. In general, the adoption of the new radar stations will improve the effectiveness of air and missile defense in the United States and remote theaters.

Radar with a parabolic antenna

Radar station(radar), radar(English radar from radio detection and ranging - radio detection and ranging) - a system for detecting air, sea and ground objects, as well as for determining their range, speed and geometric parameters. It uses the radar method, based on the emission of radio waves and the registration of their reflections from objects. The English term appeared in 1941 as a sound abbreviation (eng. RADAR), subsequently moving into the category of an independent word.

Story

During Operation Bruneval, conducted by British commandos in February 1942 on the coast of France in the province of Seine-Maritime (Upper Normandy), the secret of German radars was revealed. To jam the radars, the Allies used transmitters that emit interference in a certain frequency band at an average frequency of 560 megahertz. At first, bombers were equipped with such transmitters. When German pilots learned to lead fighters to interference signals, as if to radio beacons, huge American Tuba transmitters were located along the southern coast of England ( Project Tuba) developed in radio laboratories at Harvard University. From their powerful signals, the German fighters "blinded" in Europe, and the Allied bombers, having got rid of their pursuers, calmly flew home across the English Channel.

IN THE USSR

In the Soviet Union, the realization of the need for means of detecting aircraft, free from the shortcomings of sound and optical observation, led to the development of research in the field of radar. The idea proposed by the young artilleryman Pavel Oshchepkov, received the approval of the high command: the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR K. E. Voroshilov and his deputy - M. N. Tukhachevsky.

In 1946, American specialists - Raymond and Hucherton wrote: "Soviet scientists successfully developed the theory of radar several years before the radar was invented in England."

Much attention in the air defense system is paid to solving the problem of timely detection of low-flying air targets. (English).

Classification

According to the scope of application, there are:

• military radar;
• civil radars.

By appointment:

• detection radar;
• control and tracking radar;
• panoramic radars;
• side-looking radar;
• Terrain-following radar
• meteorological radars;
• targeting radar;
• Situation monitoring radar.

By the nature of the carrier:

• coastal radar;
• maritime radars;
• airborne radar;
• mobile radars.

By the nature of the received signal:

By action method:

• over-the-horizon radar;

By waveband:

• meter;
• decimeter;
• centimeter;
• millimeter.

Primary radar

Primary (passive response) radar mainly serves to detect targets by irradiating them with an electromagnetic wave and then receiving reflections (echoes) from the target. Since the speed of electromagnetic waves is constant (the speed of light), it becomes possible to determine the distance to the target based on the measurement of various parameters during the propagation of the signal.

At the heart of the device of the radar station are three components: transmitter, antenna and receiver.

Transmitter(transmitting device) is the source of the electromagnetic signal. It can be a powerful pulse generator. For centimeter-range pulse radars, it is usually a magnetron or a pulse generator operating according to the scheme: a master oscillator is a powerful amplifier that most often uses a traveling wave lamp (TWT) as a generator, and a triode lamp is often used for meter-range radars. Radars that use magnetrons are incoherent or pseudo-coherent, unlike TWT-based radars. Depending on the range measurement method, the transmitter operates either in a pulsed mode, generating repetitive short powerful electromagnetic pulses, or it emits a continuous electromagnetic signal.

Antenna performs the emission of the transmitter signal in a given direction and the reception of the signal reflected from the target. Depending on the implementation, the reception of the reflected signal can be carried out either by the same antenna, or by another, which can sometimes be located at a considerable distance from the transmitting one. If transmission and reception are combined in one antenna, these two actions are performed alternately, and so that a powerful transmitter signal does not leak into the receiver, a special device is placed in front of the receiver that closes the receiver input at the moment the probing signal is emitted.

Receiver(receiver) performs amplification and processing of the received signal. In the simplest case, the resulting signal is applied to a ray tube (screen), which displays an image synchronized with the movement of the antenna.

Different radars are based on different methods of measuring the parameters of the reflected signal.

frequency method

The frequency method of distance measurement is based on the use of frequency modulation of emitted continuous signals. In the classical implementation of this method (LFM), the frequency changes linearly from f1 to f2 over a half-cycle. Due to the delay in signal propagation, the frequency difference between the emitted and received signals is directly proportional to the propagation time. By measuring it and knowing the parameters of the emitted signal, it is possible to determine the range to the target.

Advantages:

• allows you to measure very short ranges;
• a low power transmitter is used.

Flaws:

• two antennas are required;
• deterioration of the receiver sensitivity due to leakage through the antenna into the receiving path of the radiation of the transmitter, subject to random changes;
• high requirements for linearity of frequency change.

Phase Method

The phase (coherent) radar method is based on the selection and analysis of the phase difference between the sent and reflected signals, which occurs due to the Doppler effect, when the signal is reflected from a moving object. In this case, the transmitting device can operate both continuously and in a pulsed mode. The main advantage of this method is that it "allows you to observe only moving objects, and this eliminates interference from stationary objects located between the receiving equipment and the target or behind it" .

Since ultrashort waves are used in this case, the unambiguous range of measuring range is about a few meters. Therefore, in practice, more complex circuits are used, in which there are two or more frequencies.

Advantages:

• low-power radiation, since undamped oscillations are generated;
• accuracy does not depend on the Doppler shift of the reflection frequency;
• a fairly simple device.

Flaws:

• lack of range resolution;
• deterioration of the sensitivity of the receiver due to penetration through the antenna into the receiving path of the radiation of the transmitter, subject to random changes.

Pulse Method

Modern tracking radars are built as impulse radars. Pulse radar only transmits an emitting signal for a very short time, in a short pulse (usually about a microsecond), after which it goes into receive mode and listens for an echo reflected from the target, while the emitted pulse propagates in space.

Since the pulse travels away from the radar at a constant speed, there is a direct relationship between the time elapsed from the moment the pulse was sent to the moment the echo was received and the distance to the target. The next pulse can be sent only after some time, namely after the pulse comes back (this depends on the radar detection range, transmitter power, antenna gain, receiver sensitivity). If the pulse is sent earlier, then the echo of the previous pulse from a distant target may be confused with the echo of the second pulse from a close target. The time interval between pulses is called pulse repetition interval(English) Pulse Repetition Interval, PRI), its reciprocal is an important parameter, which is called pulse repetition rate(CHPI, eng. Pulse Repetition Frequency, PRF). Long range low frequency radars typically have a repetition interval of several hundred pulses per second. The pulse repetition frequency is one of the hallmarks by which it is possible to remotely determine the radar model.

Advantages of the pulsed ranging method:

• the possibility of building a radar with one antenna;
• simplicity of the indicator device;
• convenience of measuring the range of several targets;
• the simplicity of the emitted pulses, lasting a very short time, and the received signals.

Flaws:

• the need to use large transmitter pulse powers;
• the impossibility of measuring short ranges;
• big dead zone.

Elimination of passive interference

One of the main problems of pulse radars is getting rid of the signal reflected from stationary objects: the earth's surface, high hills, etc. If, for example, the aircraft is against the background of a high hill, the reflected signal from this hill will completely block the signal from the aircraft. For ground-based radars, this problem manifests itself when working with low-flying objects. For airborne pulse radars, it is expressed in the fact that the reflection from the earth's surface obscures all objects lying below the aircraft with the radar.

Interference elimination methods use, one way or another, the Doppler effect (the frequency of a wave reflected from an approaching object increases, from a departing object it decreases).

The simplest radar that can detect a target in interference is moving target radar(MPD) - pulsed radar that compares reflections from more than two or more pulse repetition intervals. Any target that moves relative to the radar produces a change in the signal parameter (stage in serial SDM), while the clutter remains unchanged. Interference is eliminated by subtracting reflections from two successive intervals. In practice, the elimination of interference can be carried out in special devices - through period compensators or algorithms in software.

An unavoidable disadvantage of TDCs operating at a constant PRF is the inability to detect targets with specific circular velocities (targets that produce phase changes of exactly 360 degrees). The rate at which a target becomes invisible to radar depends on the operating frequency of the station and on the PRF. To eliminate the disadvantage, modern SDCs emit several pulses with different PRFs. PRF are selected in such a way that the number of "invisible" speeds is minimal.

Pulse Doppler Radars, unlike radars with SDCs, use a different, more complex way to get rid of interference. The received signal, containing information about targets and interference, is transmitted to the input of the Doppler filter unit. Each filter passes a signal of a certain frequency. At the output of the filters, the derivatives of the signals are calculated. The method helps to find targets at given speeds, can be implemented in hardware or software, does not allow (without modifications) to determine the distance to the targets. To determine distances to targets, you can divide the pulse repetition interval into segments (called range segments) and apply a signal to the input of the Doppler filter block during this range segment. It is possible to calculate the distance only with multiple repetitions of pulses at different frequencies (the target appears at different distance segments at different PRF).

An important property of pulse-Doppler radars is signal coherence, the phase dependence of the sent and received (reflected) signals.

Pulse-Doppler radars, in contrast to radars with SDCs, are more successful in detecting low-flying targets. On modern fighters, these radars are used for air interception and fire control (AN / APG-63, 65, 66, 67 and 70 radars). Modern implementations are mostly software: the signal is digitized and given to a separate processor for processing. Often, a digital signal is converted into a form that is suitable for other algorithms using a Fast Fourier Transform. The use of software implementation compared to hardware implementation has a number of advantages:

• the ability to select algorithms from among the available ones;
• the ability to change the parameters of the algorithms;
• the ability to add / change algorithms (by changing the firmware).

The listed advantages along with the ability to store data in ROM) allow, if necessary, to quickly adapt to the technique of jamming the enemy.

Elimination of active interference

The most effective method of combating active interference is the use of a digital antenna array in the radar, which makes it possible to form dips in the radiation pattern in directions to the jammers. . .

secondary radar

Secondary radar is used in aviation for identification. The main feature is the use of an active transponder on aircraft.

The principle of operation of the secondary radar is somewhat different from the principle of the primary radar. The device of the Secondary Radar Station is based on the components: transmitter, antenna, azimuth mark generators, receiver, signal processor, indicator and aircraft transponder with antenna.

Transmitter serves to generate request pulses in the antenna at a frequency of 1030 MHz.

Antenna serves to emit request pulses and receive the reflected signal. According to ICAO standards for secondary radar, the antenna transmits at a frequency of 1030 MHz and receives at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

Bearing marker generators serve to generate azimuth marks(Eng. Azimuth Change Pulse, ACP) and marks of the North(Eng. Azimuth Reference Pulse, ARP). For one revolution of the radar antenna, 4096 small azimuth marks are generated (for older systems) or 16384 improved small azimuth marks (eng. Improved Azimuth Change pulse, IACP- for new systems), as well as one label of the North. The north mark comes from the azimuth mark generator with the antenna in such a position when it is directed to the North, and small azimuth marks serve to read the antenna turn angle.

Receiver serves to receive pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

signal processor serves to process the received signals.

Indicator serves to display the processed information.

Aircraft transponder with antenna serves to transmit a pulsed radio signal containing additional information back to the side of the radar upon request.

The principle of operation of the secondary radar is to use the energy of the aircraft transponder to determine the position of the aircraft. The radar irradiates the surrounding area with interrogation pulses P1 and P3, as well as a suppression pulse P2 at a frequency of 1030 MHz. Transponder-equipped aircraft in the area of ​​the interrogation beam, when receiving interrogation pulses, if the condition P1,P3>P2 is valid, respond to the requesting radar with a series of coded pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz, which contain additional information about the side number, altitude, and so on . The response of the aircraft transponder depends on the radar request mode, and the request mode is determined by the time interval between the request pulses P1 and P3, for example, in request mode A (mode A), the time interval between the request pulses of the station P1 and P3 is 8 microseconds, and when such a request is received, the transponder aircraft encodes its aircraft number in the response pulses.

In interrogation mode C (mode C), the time interval between the interrogation pulses of the station is 21 microseconds, and upon receipt of such a request, the transponder of the aircraft encodes its height in the response pulses. The radar can also send an interrogation in a mixed mode, for example, Mode A, Mode C, Mode A, Mode C. The azimuth of the aircraft is determined by the angle of rotation of the antenna, which in turn is determined by counting small azimuth marks.

The range is determined by the delay of the incoming response. If the aircraft is in the coverage area of ​​the side lobes, and not the main beam, or is behind the antenna, then the aircraft transponder, upon receiving a request from the radar, will receive at its input the condition that pulses P1, P3

The signal received from the transponder is processed by the radar receiver, then it goes to the signal processor, which processes the signals and outputs information to the end user and (or) to the control indicator.

Advantages of a secondary radar:

• higher accuracy;
• additional information about the aircraft (board number, altitude);
• low radiation power compared to primary radars;
• long detection range.

Radar ranges

Frequency band designations adopted by the US Armed Forces and NATO since

see also

• Three-coordinate radar

Notes

1. radio detection and ranging (indefinite) . TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
2. Translation Bureau. radar definition (indefinite) . Public Works and Government Services Canada (2013). Retrieved November 8, 2013.
3. McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms / Daniel N. Lapedes, editor in chief. Lapedes, Daniel N. New York; Montreal: McGraw-Hill, 1976. 1634, A26 p.
4. , With. 13.
5. Angela Hind. "Briefcase "that changed the world"" (indefinite) . BBC News (5 February 2007).
6. Jamming Enemies Radar His Objective. Millennium Project, University of Michigan
7. Scientific and educational site "Science Young" - "Experimentus Crucis" by Professor Oshchepkov
8. Handbook of radio electronic systems / ed. B. V. Krivitsky. - M. : Energy, 1979. - T. 2. - S. 75-206. - 368 p.
9. , With. 15-17.

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The Voronezh stations are designed to detect and track ballistic and cruise missiles and other aerodynamic objects.
On the Internet and in print, you can find the wrong name for these stations - over-the-horizon or over-the-horizon radar.

On December 1 last year, they became part of the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Russian Federation.
The main feature of the Voronezh radar is high factory readiness.
The Voronezh-M radar station of the meter range was the first to be developed and put into operation. The next development was the Voronezh-DM radar station. The third radar data model is Voronezh-VP.
The first steps to create radar stations with VZG were taken in 1986 during the creation of the Selenga radar station.
VZG ensures the period of data mounting of radar stations no more than 18-24 months.
The stations consist of 23 units of equipment sets.

Voronezh uses hardware and design solutions that make it possible to assemble a system from a set of ready-made factory units with characteristics that meet the operational and tactical requirements of the installation site. Programmatically and technologically all issues related to energy resources management are solved. Built-in control and high-tech control system reduce maintenance costs.
Service personnel are placed in unified containers, which have a system for ensuring temperature characteristics.
The designers have worked out the range of cabinets - Voronezh has 12 types of cabinets, of which cabinets with receiving-transmitting, power supply equipment and the AFU control system are serial. There are 22 units of non-serial cabinets at the Voronezh radar station, they were placed in 3 containers, in which temperature control equipment is also installed.
The transceiver equipment in the Voronezh early warning radar is located in large VZG antenna complexes. They are ready for transportation and assembly units.
The installation of these complexes takes place on the supporting structures of quick assembly. This leads to the rapid construction of the active antenna fabric. This block-complex assembly reduces losses in the receive-transmit paths, lowers the temperature and, in general, gives a high efficiency index of the antenna device. In addition, this arrangement provides the possibility of modernization. Emitters are located at the end of each container.
The radar antenna for the early warning system "Voronezh" uses a method of creating sub-arrays for reception, which reduces the amount of equipment used without lowering the characteristics of the radiation pattern. The method is implemented on the mutual overlap of sublattices and the use of special amplitude distributions in them.
The cascades of the transistor implementation of the transmitting amplifiers in the AFU interact according to the “hot collector” type. This makes it possible to cool the transmission equipment with "outboard" air entering through the ventilation equipment, which is part of the technical equipment. This "live" ventilation made it possible to abandon the overall systems of thermal stabilization and cooling.
The "hot" air cooling circuit is distributed to all antenna boxes using an integrated air duct system.
The temperature readings at the end switches of the air ducts of the installed modules are on average no more than 45 degrees. At low temperatures, in winter, the circuit is closed, and warm air is used to heat the antenna boxes. Warm air in the circuit is diluted with cold outside air to maintain a certain temperature.

The equipment of receiving channels has not only digitization of signals, but also built-in processors for initial digital processing and verification control of receiving paths. This approach saves Voronezh computing facilities and channels for transmitting information, and reduces the loss of processed signals using digital methods for stabilizing the non-identity of the used PAR channels.
Digital signal processing takes place at the carrier output frequency with the following selection of quadrature elements, which made it possible to qualitatively reduce the loss of processed information.

The computing equipment used for primary-secondary processing is made on a server-type computer with an open real-time information processing architecture. The computer is unified on all types of promising topics. It has two types of processor cells and 2 buses: the VME bus and the user bus. The constructive box of the computer - "Euromechanics". The performance of the solution is up to one hundred billion operations per second. The computer has unlimited upgrade and expansion options. The occupied area is half of a standard Voronezh equipment cabinet. Consumes 1.5 kWh. Service is not provided. Warranty operating time 80 thousand hours.
Functional and technical control is implemented as peripheral coprocessors that are built into the technical equipment, combined with the central coprocessor by a high-speed interface. This made it possible to reduce the volumetric dimensions of the equipment, and increased the reliability of the information flow and functional control.

In the Voronezh radar DO early warning system, software adjustment of the potential in the sector of responsibility for range, angles and time, and the mode of saving consumed resources are used.
Software adjustment of these modes makes it possible to quickly change the power consumption of the radar station in normal, combat and combat readiness modes, to equalize the consumption of energy resources in the working sector of the radar station.
During the installation of the head radar for the Voronezh-DM early warning system near the city of Armavir, a power line with a total length of more than eight kilometers was laid for its power supply, communications and roads were built.
A checkpoint was set up at the site of the radar installation, a BVM, water intake facilities, electrical substations, a fire department, and an underground shelter were installed. The rooms have been modernized. For the personnel of the radar station, quite comfortable conditions were created for living and performing combat missions. For recreation and physical training, there is a training tower, a volleyball court and a hundred-meter track for training fire station personnel. The entire territory is illuminated and surrounded by fences around the perimeter. Tree and shrub seedlings have been planted.
Since the beginning of construction, mid-2006, a set of works has been carried out on 58 units of construction projects. Completion of construction - 2009. Contractor - USS No. 7 Spetsstroy RF.

The main characteristics of the Voronezh radar:
- power consumption: "DM" - 0.7 MW, "VP" - up to 10 MW;
- detection range: "DM" 2500-6000 kilometers, "VP" - 6 thousand kilometers;
- target development: "DM" up to 500 units.

Modifications of the Voronezh series:
- Radar early warning system "Voronezh-M" built in 2006, designation 77Ya6. It is a low-potential station of the meter range;
- Radar early warning system "Voronezh-DM" built in 2011, designation 77Ya6-DM. It is a medium-potential station of the decimeter range;
- The Voronezh-VP early warning radar is planned to be completed in 2012, designation 77Ya6-VP. It is a high potential broadband station possibly millimeter wave.

Economic indicators of the construction of stations:
- Armavir "Voronezh-DM" - 2.85 billion rubles;
- Pioneer "Voronezh-DM" - 4.4 billion rubles;

Location of Voronezh stations:
- "Voronezh-M" is located in the Leningrad region, since 2009 it has been on combat duty, it provides control of the territory from Svalbard to Morocco;
- the head "Voronezh-DM" 2-module version, located in the Krasnodar Territory, has been on combat duty since 2009, provides control of the territory from North Africa to Southern Europe;
- The 1st serial "Voronezh-DM", located in the Kaliningrad region, has been on combat duty since 2011, provides control of the territory of the western direction, duplicates the radar station in Baranovichi;
- "Voronezh-VP", located in the Irkutsk region, in 2012 will take up combat duty, is under construction, will provide control over the territory of the southeast direction, it is planned to install an antenna module in the south direction (2014).

Planned construction of Voronezh stations:
- "Voronezh-VP" near Pechora in 2015;
- Voronezh-VP in the Murmansk region, in 2017;
- "Voronezh-VP" in Azerbaijan, in 2017, taking up combat duty in 2019.