Sniper "Thor": why Russian anti-aircraft systems are considered a piece of jewelry air defense. Anti-aircraft missile system Tor-M2E
SAM "Tor-M1"
After the adoption of the Tor-M1 complex in 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union occurred, and, as a result, the collapse of cooperation in the production of this complex. During the execution of the contract for the supply of Tors to Greece, an almost Russian Tor-M1 complex was created, which we propose to conditionally designate "Tor-M1-1". The visual difference of the new complex in the tracked chassis of the 9A331 combat vehicle is that instead of the Minsk six-wheeled GM-355, the seven-wheeled chassis GM-5955 manufactured by Metrovagonmash OJSC is used. In addition, the battery command post was transferred to the new chassis " Ranking", which is now located not on the MT-LBu, but on the Russian GM-5956 chassis manufactured by Metrovagonmash OJSC, which looks similar to the KP 9S470M1 Buk-M1 air defense system.
The Tor-M1 air defense system is a short-range air defense system capable of effectively destroying both the elements of the air defense system and the carriers of high-precision air-to-surface weapons.
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| SAM "Tor-M1T" in a two-cabin version. It is in service with Iran. |
As of February 2007, the Tor-M1 air defense system was exported to the following countries:
- China
- Greece (Greece transferred several complexes to Cyprus in exchange for the deployment of Cypriot S-300PMU1 air defense systems on the Greek island of Crete)
- Iran (12 Tor-M1-1 air defense systems on a tracked chassis and 17 Tor-M1T air defense systems in a two-cabin version on a car chassis and a semi-trailer).
Perhaps the Tor-M1 air defense system will be bought by Venezuela.
The composition of the air defense system "Tor-M1-1"
Combat means:
combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1;
anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) 9M331.
Controls:
battery command post 9S737M "Ranzhir-M".
Maintenance, support and training facilities:
Transport-loading vehicle 9T244
Transport vehicle 9T245
Maintenance vehicle 9V887M
Maintenance vehicle 9V887-1M
Machine of a group set of spare parts and accessories 9F399-1M1
Autonomous simulator for combat vehicle operators 9Ф678
Maintenance workshop MTO-AGZM1
Rigging equipment set 9F116
Combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1 is capable of hitting the following types of air attack weapons (AWS) with an effective reflective surface of 0.1 m2 or more:
- guided air-to-ground missiles;
- planning bombs;
- cruise missiles of all types based;
- unmanned aerial vehicles;
- tactical aircraft and helicopters.
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| Combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1 |
BM provides detection of air targets in the parking lot and in motion and launches of anti-aircraft guided missiles at targets selected for firing from a short stop at any time of the day and under any weather conditions. The BM reaction time from the moment the target is detected to the launch of the rocket when working in the parking lot is 5-10 seconds. The high efficiency of the BM is achieved due to the placement of all means of reconnaissance, identification, target designation, fire control and fire destruction on one lightly armored off-road chassis.
BM includes:
target detection radar (SOC) with antenna stabilization system;
radar interrogator (NRZ);
radar station for guidance and tracking of targets and missiles (SN);
autonomous missile capture channel (AKZ);
television-optical sight (TOV), which provides auto-tracking of the target in angular coordinates;
high-speed multiplex digital computer system;
equipment for indicating and displaying the air situation, monitoring the functioning of systems and means of a combat vehicle;
control panels;
documentation equipment;
telecode and operational-command radio communication system;
equipment for navigation, topographical reference and orientation (ANTO);
starting device and starting automation system;
a power supply source driven by an electric generator from a gas turbine engine or from a chassis propulsion engine;
auxiliary equipment.
The main performance characteristics of BM 9A331-1
| Number of simultaneously detected targets | |
| Detection range, km | |
| Number of target channels | |
| Boundary of the affected area, km | |
| by range |
1,5-12,0 |
| height |
0,01-6,0 |
| by exchange rate | |
| Detection angle |
0-32° (32-64°) |
| Target speed, m/s | |
| Overload maneuver of the target being hit, units | |
| Reaction time (from target detection to rocket launch in the parking lot), s | |
| Number of missiles on a combat vehicle, pcs. | |
| Probability of defeat |
0,5-0,99 |
| Maximum travel speed, km/h | |
| Weight, kg | |
| Cruising range on fuel, km (with two-hour operation of the equipment) |
Anti-aircraft guided missile SAM 9M331
Anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) 9M331 as part of the Tor-M1 system provides effective combat at low, medium and extremely low altitudes with modern and advanced air attack weapons. The 9M331 rocket is a single-stage, solid-propellant, built according to the "duck" aerodynamic configuration. Aiming the missile at the target - by radio commands from the BM. Defeat of the target is provided by a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with an active radio fuse.
Eight ready-to-launch missiles are located in the antenna-launching device (APU) in two four-seater transport and launch containers (TLC). The container, together with anti-aircraft missiles, forms the 9M334 missile module. Each rocket is equipped with an ejection device that ensures its vertical launch.
The presence of a sustainer engine in the 9M331 rocket allows it to maintain a speed close to the average value for a long time.
To ensure safety, in the event of a violation of normal flight, the missile is automatically eliminated, and, if necessary, can be eliminated by the BM operator.
The main performance characteristics of the ZUR 9M331
| Dimensions and weight of the rocket module 9M334 | |
| weight, kg | 937 |
| dimensions, mm | 3005x1223x444 |
| Dimensions and weight of ZUR 9M331 | |
| weight, kg | 168 |
| length, mm | 2898 |
| maximum diameter, mm | 235 |
| Warhead SAM | |
| weight, kg | 14,85 |
| Maximum speed, m/s | 850 |
| Assigned service life of the 9M334 rocket module | at least 10 years |
| The onboard equipment of the 9M331 SAM does not require routine control during the assigned service life of the 9M334 missile module. | |
"Tor-M1" is the first military system, in the radar station of which a low-element phased antenna array with electronically controlled beam scanning was used. This allows you to drastically reduce the reaction time and carry out automatic tracking and hitting two targets simultaneously with high accuracy (including the WTO) in the 15 ° x15 sector. The use of technical solutions at the "know-how" level made it possible to achieve automation of the entire process of combat work from the analysis of the air situation to the destruction of the SAM target.
© OJSC IEMZ Kupol
Capabilities of a combat vehicle to detect and defeat the WTO
a) army aviation, tactical aviation, fire support helicopters
b) precision weapons (WTO)
c) "Tor-M1" ADMS detection zone
© OJSC IEMZ Kupol
Anti-aircraft missile battery
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| Combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1 |
The minimum unit capable of independently conducting combat operations - from detecting targets to destroying them - is a combat vehicle. A combat vehicle is capable of performing a combat mission autonomously or as part of a firing unit - an anti-aircraft missile battery (zrbatr) controlled from a battery command post (BKP).
Organizationally, four combat vehicles of the Tor-M1 air defense system make up the zrbatr, which is a tactical unit capable of independently solving complex combat missions. When conducting combat work as part of a battery, combat vehicles are controlled from the BKP 9S737M "Ranzhir-M". The exchange of commands and information between the BKP and subordinate combat vehicles is carried out via telecode and voice communication channels. BKP distributes targets between combat vehicles, which excludes unauthorized concentration of fire on one target.
A typical variant of the composition of an anti-aircraft missile battery includes:
| BM 9A331-1 | 4 units |
| BKP 9S737M | 1 unit |
| TZM 9T244 | 2 pieces |
| TM 9T245 | 2 pieces |
| MTO 9V887M | 1 unit |
| ZIP machine 9F399-1M1 | 1 unit |
| KTO9F116 | 1 unit |
| Missile modules 9M334 | 2 pieces in each of the four BM, 2 pieces on each TZM 9T244, 4 pieces on each TM 9T245. Total - 20 modules with 80 missiles |
| To ensure the operation of combat vehicles of four batteries, an MTO 9V887-1M and an MTO-AGZM1 workshop are supplied. Depending on the configuration of technical and support facilities and the number of specialists operating them, the total number of weapons and military equipment crews can be from 26 to 30 people. | |
Transport-loading vehicle 9T244
The vehicle carries one missile ammunition load (two 9M334 missile modules). It is equipped with a hydraulic crane with a manipulator and provides reloading (extraction of used
container and installation of a new one with rockets) within no more than 18 minutes. Combat crew TZM - 3 people.
Chassis base - car "Ural-4320". The mass of TZM with missiles is 15055 kg. Fuel range - 600 km. The transfer time of the TZM from traveling to combat position is up to 10 minutes.
Transport vehicle 9T246
The transport vehicle (TM) 9T245 is designed for the transportation and long-term storage of four 9M334 modules with missiles and loading a combat vehicle from it using the TZM 9T244. Chassis base - car "Ural-4320". The weight of the loaded vehicle is not more than 14,000 kg. Fuel range - 600 km.
Maintenance vehicles (MTO)
MTO 9V887M is designed for maintenance and repair by means of a group set of spare parts and accessories (SPTA-2A) of four vehicles, for monitoring the functioning of the starting automation of a combat vehicle.
MTO 9V887-1M is designed for the repair of sixteen combat vehicles by means of a group set of spare parts and accessories (SPTA-2B) and analysis of the process of combat work using the recording decoding equipment of the documentation equipment.
Maintenance vehicles are equipped on the basis of the chassis of the Ural-43203 car with a K2.4320 van body. The MTO is powered from a trailed power unit. The mass of fully equipped MTO with a trailer is not more than 13450 + 3400 kg. Fuel range - 600 km.
Machine of a group set of spare parts and accessories 9F399-1M1
The vehicle of the 9F399-1M1 spare parts group set is designed for transportation and storage of the 9A331-1 spare parts group set for the repair of combat vehicles as part of zrbatr. The SPTA vehicle is equipped on the basis of the chassis of the Ural-4320 vehicle with an onboard body and a tarpaulin awning and on the basis of a 2-PN-4M (SMZ-7826) trailer. A group set of spare parts for combat vehicles is placed in wooden boxes and placed in metal containers located in the car body and in the trailer body. The mass of the spare parts and accessories vehicle with a trailer is 13240 kg + 6320 kg. Fuel range - 600 km.
A set of rigging equipment (KTO)
WHO is for:
- carrying out loading and unloading operations and packaging of rocket modules;
- carrying out loading and unloading operations with a package of up to four modules and packaging from two to four modules;
- transporting a package of modules within the bases and loading them into the aircraft;
- storage and transportation of equipment included in the kit.
Autonomous simulator for operators of BM ZRS "Tor-M1" 9F678
The 9F678 "Tor-M1" 9F678 stand-alone simulator for BM air defense missile system operators is designed to train BM combat crews in order to gain system control skills in conditions as close as possible to combat work, as well as to maintain their functional readiness. The simulator allows simulating group raids, paired targets, single target raids, launches from carriers of anti-radar missiles, setting active and passive noise interference, reflection from local objects. The simulator consists of a BM equipment simulator and an air situation simulator. The task of the air situation in the simulator is performed programmatically (a set of standard training situations) or manually in an interactive mode. It is possible to quickly change the air situation during training, which allows you to conduct a duel mode of simulating a battle. Joint work with a battery command post is simulated. An automated assessment of the work of operators of the 9A331-1 combat vehicle is provided. The simulator has an autonomous power supply located on the trailer.
Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol" for the first time delivered a regimental set of short-range air defense systems 9K331M "Tor-M2" to equip the 538th anti-aircraft missile regiment of the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division of the Western Military District. This was announced during the Single Day of Military Acceptance by the regiment commander Konstantin Demidov.
After completing the training of personnel at the training center in Yeysk and passing through combat docking firing, the regiment will move to the point of permanent deployment.
Deliveries of the complex began last year. Then the Kupol plant, which is part of the Almaz-Antey concern, transferred two divisional sets to the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, this year the mass production of the new Thors has expanded.
The self-propelled air defense system "Tor", despite the fact that it has already been repeatedly modernized, is a relatively young complex. This development of the Moscow Scientific Research Electromechanical Institute (NIEI) was introduced into production at the Izhevsk plant "Kupol" in the early 80s. And the first "Thor", without an index, was adopted in 1986.
In 1991, Tor-M1 began to enter the troops. Then a few more modifications appeared, in which the chassis varied - both tracked and wheeled. A towed and stationary complex were also created. And also marine for installation on ships.
"Tor-M2" was adopted in this decade, and now they are beginning to intensively recruit the armed forces for air defense in the near zone of motorized rifle and tank divisions. Around the same time, another modification appeared - Tor-M2U, two divisions of which had already entered the troops.
Tor-M2 is designed to effectively combat air-to-ground missiles, guided and guided bombs, anti-radar missiles and other new generation precision weapons, tactical and army aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters, and unmanned aerial vehicles.
The missiles of the complex are capable of hitting targets in the conditions of electronic countermeasures, as well as repel massive attacks.
A significant difference between the new modification of the complex and the previous ones is the increase in the capabilities of detecting and tracking targets of the detection station, which is equipped with a new antenna based on a slotted phased antenna array. Together with the updated software, this makes it possible to detect targets that were created using stealth technologies to the maximum. At the same time, the new station has increased, in comparison with the Tor-M1, noise immunity. Also, the work of the air defense system is served by a new electro-optical target detection equipment.
The detection station not only finds and identifies targets to be destroyed, but also assesses the air situation, automatically determines the most dangerous of them, performs auto-tracking and records the moment the targets enter the firing zone. After the launch of the missiles, they are automatically guided to the targets by radio command.
The launch of a single-stage solid-propellant rocket is carried out by ejection due to a powder booster. Maneuvering is carried out with the help of gas-dynamic rudders. A high-explosive fragmentation warhead can be triggered both by contact and by triggering an inductive sensor that detects the approach of a significant mass to an object.
At the same time, the rocket develops a speed of up to 800 m/s and is capable of maneuvering with an acceleration of up to 30g. The maximum speed of downed targets is 750 m / s, and the overload is 12g.
Target engagement zone in range - from 100 m to 15,000 m, in height - from 10 m to 10,000 m.
The number of detected targets - up to 48, simultaneously tracked - 10, simultaneously fired - 4. At the same time, the combat vehicles of the division can exchange information about the detected targets and redistribute them among themselves.
And the regiment commander Konstantin Demidov, who adopted the regimental set of air defense systems, and the developers, and the highest ranks of the Ministry of Defense claim that the Tor-M2 has no analogues in the world in terms of its combat capabilities. When compared with the best American air defense systems in the near zone, then, indeed, there is a multiple excess.
The M1097 Avenger air defense system was created by the Boeing Aerospace Company in 1989. The developers did not tense up much by installing two transport and launch containers for 4 Stinger missiles on the HMMWV army SUV. Also included is a 12.7mm machine gun. The firing range is 5.5 km, the maximum target height is 3.8 km.
Certainly inferior to the Russian complex and the Franco-German Roland air defense system, both on wheeled and tracked chassis, which has been in operation since 1977. The principle of guidance and tracking of the missile to the target is the same as that of the "Thor". However, the characteristics of the complex are weaker. The missile has a maximum speed not exceeding 1.2 M. The firing range is 6.3 km, the maximum target height is 5.5 km.
The Germans about 15 years ago adopted a new complex - LeFlaSys / ASRAD, which is considered more perfect than the Roland. But there is some imbalance in it. The complex has excellent means of detecting and tracking targets by radar and infrared channels, based on powerful hardware and software. Their range exceeds 20 kilometers, the number of tracked targets is up to 20. But at the same time, missiles from MANPADS - Mistral and Stinger - are used, which have a too low ceiling to deal with high-altitude targets. In addition, the complex, mounted on a tracked chassis, is armed with only four missiles.
But when comparing the "Thor" with the Israeli Spyder-SR air defense system, not everything is so obvious. First of all, it should be said that Spyder's detection tools are more effective. Targets are detected at a distance of up to 35 km. And at the same time, the number of tracked targets can reach 60. However, it is not entirely clear why such megalomania is needed, since the combat vehicle is armed with only four missiles. The six-axle wheeled chassis is rather weak, it will not pull more missiles.
The issue of anti-aircraft missiles used is curiously resolved. They are air-to-air used in fighter aviation. Powder boosters were attached to them and placed in transport and launch containers.
Spyder uses two types of missiles. One has a radar homing head, the second - infrared. This ensures all-weather use of the complex. The “weak” missile is infrared, it has a range of 20 km and a height of 9 km. "Strong" - radar with a range of up to 35 km and a firing height of up to 16 km. The strength of the “weak” missile is that it has an infrared seeker of a matrix type with a resolution of 320 × 240 pixels. It's pretty hard to fool her.
As for the dynamic characteristics of Israeli missiles, it is known that they have a maximum speed of 4 Mach. But this speed is calculated when launched from an aircraft flying at supersonic speed, that is, the two speeds are added. What correlates with the speed of the rocket "Tora" - it exceeds 2.5 M. But in terms of maneuverability, our rocket is more efficient, it has an overload of 30g. Israeli holds only 12g.
From which we can conclude that if the Russian "Thor" has no analogues in the world, then not by all characteristics.
Introduction
The emergence of a new generation of high-precision weapons is one of the main trends in the current stage of weapons development. Among such means of destruction are missiles, guided aerial bombs, remotely piloted aircraft, as well as modern high-speed, highly maneuverable aircraft operating at low altitudes. An adequate response was high-precision anti-aircraft weapons capable of destroying such targets. When developing an anti-aircraft missile system, special attention is paid to the automation of combat work processes, the use of new means of reconnaissance of air targets, and hitting targets in the shortest possible time.
Anti-aircraft complex TOR
According to the terms of reference, the TOR anti-aircraft missile system, as a means of short-range air defense, was intended to combat various types of high-speed maneuvering air targets operating at extremely low and medium altitudes.
The TOR combat vehicle is equipped with a complex of electronic equipment consisting of two all-round radar stations with a system for identifying nationality and tracking targets. As well as an opto-electronic system for detecting and tracking targets at a distance of up to twenty kilometers. The high-speed onboard computer system is designed to automatically assess the degree of threat and select priority targets for shelling. A high degree of automation ensures autonomous operation of the combat vehicle in automatic mode. All means and systems are placed on a self-propelled tracked chassis of high cross-country ability, developed by the Minsk Tractor Plant. It is unified with the chassis of the TUNGUSKA anti-aircraft gun-missile system. TOR weighs no more than thirty-two tons in combat position.
The vertical-launch solid-propellant anti-aircraft missile has an aerodynamic canard design. It is located in the missile compartment of the combat vehicle, four missiles on each side of the tower and starts from it. The vertical launch of the rocket is carried out by a powder catapult followed by a turn in the direction of the target by a gas-dynamic system combined with aerodynamic rudders. This provides a high efficiency of the engine, which starts at a height of about twenty meters from the ground.
Targets are hit by a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with an active radio fuse. It ensures the detonation of the warhead, taking into account the speed and altitude of the target, this allows you to create the correct configuration and direction of the fragmentation field. This provides the maximum probability of covering the target and hitting it.
The TOR sample of the eighty-fourth year made it possible to hit targets flying at a speed of three hundred meters per second in the altitude range of 10 - 6000 meters at ranges of one and a half to twelve kilometers. The reaction period from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the rocket did not exceed twelve seconds. The time to transfer the anti-aircraft complex to the combat position is three minutes. Charging the TOR complex with the help of a transport charging machine is eighteen minutes.
The photographs show that the shape of the antenna varies depending on the modification.
Anti-aircraft complex TOR-1M
In the ninety-first year, a modernized anti-aircraft complex TOR-M1 appeared. The complex includes UNIFIED BATTERY COMMAND POST RANZHIR. The missiles began to be located in special interchangeable modules for four missiles, which accelerated the reloading of the complex.
In the upper photographs, the UNIFIED BATTERY COMMAND POST RANZHIR, made on the basis of a light armored tractor. The bottom photo shows a rocket module for four rockets.
The new warhead provided a more reliable hitting the target. The new TOR was equipped with a dual-processor computing system with increased performance. As well as an improved jamming-proof radio radar system based on a new element base and means of combat work automation. The minimum firing range has decreased from one and a half to one kilometer. Reaction time decreased from twelve to eight seconds.
Anti-aircraft complex TOR-2
Taking into account various operating conditions, on the basis of the basic version of the TOP-M1 combat vehicle with a tracked chassis, its wheeled modification was developed in self-propelled, towed and stationary versions. Now the basis of the anti-aircraft system is the autonomous combat module 9A331MK-1.
It is capable of performing the same tasks as the previous complexes of the Thor family. And it is designed to protect important objects from air strikes at any time of the day and in any meteorological conditions. In addition, the possibility of escorting and air defense of troops on the march has probably been retained. The latest version of the TOR-M2KM anti-aircraft complex consists of the following components: the 9A331MK-1 autonomous combat module, the 9M334 anti-aircraft missile module, the 9T224K transport-loading vehicle, maintenance workshops, spare parts kits and rigging equipment.
The target detection station of the Tor-M2KM anti-aircraft missile system is capable of simultaneously processing up to forty-eight targets, ten of which can be taken for tracking with automatic priority determination. The equipment of the complex can direct missiles at four targets simultaneously. The radar station of the Tor-M2KM complex is capable of finding targets at ranges up to thirty-two kilometers. Targets are hit at ranges from one to fifteen kilometers at altitudes ranging from ten to ten thousand meters. The maximum speed of the attacked target is seven hundred meters per second. The combat module has an ammunition load of eight 9M331MK-1 guided missiles. It takes no more than eight seconds to launch the first missile after detecting the target (reaction time).
An analysis of the course of armed conflicts in recent decades clearly shows the growing role of aviation in the course of hostilities. In some cases, it was the use of the air force that played a decisive role and determined the outcome of the confrontation. This is facilitated by the rapid development of high-precision weapons, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, new aiming and navigation systems. Today we can confidently say that aviation is the most dangerous adversary of ground forces.
Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the most technologically advanced states are actively developing advanced air defense systems. Starting from short-range tactical complexes that directly cover military formations, to strategic models capable of destroying air targets at a distance of hundreds of kilometers.
Soviet air defense systems were considered among the best in the world, and the Russian military-industrial complex maintains these glorious traditions today. Tor-M2U was recently introduced - the latest modification of the famous anti-aircraft missile system, the development of which began back in the 70s of the last century.
The history of the creation of the Tor-M2U air defense system
The creation of a tactical air defense system began in 1975 after the release of the corresponding decree of the USSR Council of Ministers. The development was carried out at the Research Electromechanical Institute. It was here that such famous complexes as the Osa and Krug air defense systems were created. In 1976, a draft design of a new anti-aircraft complex was born. In parallel, work was underway to create a modification for the navy (SAM "Dagger"). In 1986, the complex was put into service, its mass production began. He got the name "Thor".
The Tor anti-aircraft missile system was designed to protect military, economic and other objects from air strikes at the tactical level. The air defense system can effectively fight against various types of missiles (including cruise and anti-radar), unmanned aerial vehicles, aerial bombs, enemy aircraft and helicopters.
Almost immediately after the adoption of the complex, its modernization began. Already in 1989, tests of the machine began, which received the index "Tor-M1". In 1991, it was adopted.
It differed from the basic model by the presence of a second target channel and a more effective missile warhead. The missiles were placed in special aluminum transport and launch containers. A new on-board computer system was installed on the machine, the Tor-M1 detection station became more efficient and more protected from interference. The crew of the Tor-M1 complex was reduced to three people.
Wheeled, tracked, towed and stationary modifications of the Tor-M1 complex were created. The most advanced is the Tor-M1-2U modification, which entered the troops in 2012.
At the same time, work was underway on an even more advanced complex - "Tor-2M", a new generation machine, especially effective in repelling massive air attacks in conditions of electronic countermeasures. In 2012, the Tor-M2U was adopted; according to some of its characteristics, it has no analogues in the world.
In 2019, the Kupol Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant began mass production of two new complexes - the Tor-M2U and Tor-M2E (K) air defense systems for export supplies. The difference between them is small: "Tor-M2E (K)" has a wheeled chassis, and "Tor-M2U" - tracked.
The Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system participated in the parade on Red Square, and in 2017 it was already being mastered in air defense units. It is planned that Tor-M2U will completely replace the long-obsolete Osa air defense systems. True, the timing of this replacement is unknown.
Now work is underway on a modular version of the complex ("Tor-M2KM"). According to its characteristics, it will not be inferior to other modifications, but at the same time it can be installed on any tracked or wheeled vehicle.
Air defense system "Tor-M2U"
Tor-M2U is a new generation tactical air defense system designed to protect military units, as well as industrial and infrastructure facilities from air strikes. It is effective against high-precision weapons, unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles, modern aircraft and helicopters.
"Tor-M2U" can simultaneously detect more than 40 targets, determine the most dangerous of them, simultaneously fire on four of them. It can be used to deal with massive attacks of modern air attack weapons. The technical characteristics of the anti-aircraft missiles of the complex make it possible to effectively fight against small-sized and highly maneuverable targets. "Tor-M2U" can successfully operate as part of an air defense system, but can also be used autonomously.
Each machine is equipped with a target detection station (SOC), a station for guidance and tracking of missiles and targets, a navigation and localization system, an autonomous system for electrical power and eight anti-aircraft missiles in two launch containers.
The target detection station installed on the Tor-M2U complex operates in the centimeter wavelength range, is equipped with a friend-foe recognition system, and ensures the operation of the complex while moving. The system has a high degree of immunity from interference, can detect more than 40 targets at a distance of up to 32 kilometers. Of these, ten of the most dangerous are singled out, which are displayed on the monitor to the commander of the vehicle. That is, the machine itself tells the crew the sequence of shelling air targets. The main difference between Tor-M2 and Tor-M1 is the modernization of the target detection station. The upgraded station can detect targets with a small scattering area (ESR), that is, aircraft created using stealth technology. In addition, the SOC on the Tor-M2 has a higher level of noise immunity than on its predecessor.
The missile and target tracking radar can track four air targets at once and direct six anti-aircraft missiles at them. The design of this radar uses a passive phased antenna array with a high degree of protection against electronic interference. It also works in the centimeter wave range. The target tracking complex also includes optoelectronic means of tracking air objects. Usually they are used when the level of interference is too high.
Each complex is equipped with navigation and localization systems, as well as a special communication system.
The Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system is armed with 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M331, developed at the Fakel Design Bureau. The missiles of this design bureau are installed on all machines of the Tor family.
9M331 is a single-stage solid-propellant rocket created according to the aerodynamic design of the "duck". After the launch, the rocket is ejected from the container by a special catapult at a speed of 25 m / s, at a height of twenty meters, main engines are turned on, which can accelerate the rocket to a speed of 700-800 m / s at a distance of one and a half kilometers. Guidance of the missile on the target begins at a distance of 250 meters. The warhead of the rocket is a high-explosive fragmentation type.
The rocket is equipped with folding wings that unfold immediately after launch. An active radio fuse is installed on it, 9M331 can self-destruct automatically or at the signal of the operator.
Eight missiles are in two transport and launch containers 9Y281. Antenna complexes and launchers form a single complex that rotates 360 degrees. Each rocket is equipped with a catapult, the launch is vertical. After the launch, the rocket deviates in the required direction and at the desired angle. This is achieved with the help of a special gas generator, the nozzles of which are located at the base of the aerodynamic rudders. The deviation value is entered by the operator into the rocket's autopilot.
The complex includes several service machines. The loading vehicle based on the Ural-4320 vehicle has one ammunition load (eight missiles) and is equipped with loading devices (a crane with a special manipulator). With its help, empty launch containers are removed and new ones are installed. The reloading process takes eighteen minutes.
There are other types of charging machines. There are also maintenance vehicles for four and sixteen Tor-M2U air defense systems.
Specifications "Tor-M2U"
| Maximum range, km | 12 |
| Minimum range of defeat, m: - at a height of 10 meters - at an altitude of more than 100 meters |
1500 no more than 1000 |
| Number of simultaneously processed targets | 48 |
| Number of simultaneously tracked target tracks | 10 |
| Number of simultaneously fired targets | 4 |
| Number of missiles launched simultaneously | 8 |
| Maximum target movement speed, m/s | 700 |
| Target maneuver overload | 10g |
| Ammunition for missiles on BM, pcs. | 8 in two ZRM |
| BM loading time, min. | 18 |
| Complex deployment time, min. | 3 |
| BM movement speed, km/h: - on highways - on dirt roads |
up to 80 up to 30 |
| Fuel range, km | 500 |
| Maximum weight of BM, t | 30 |
| Calculation of BM, pers. | 3 |
| Climatic conditions: — temperature, °С - humidity, % — height above sea level, m — wind speed, m/s |
±50 98 up to 3000 up to 30 |
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Colonel-General Oleg Salyukov, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces, told journalists that last year the Ground Forces (SV) received two brigade sets of anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) Buk-M3 and Buk-M2.
In addition, according to him, the SV received two divisional sets of Tor-M2 air defense systems and two Tor-M2U.
Fighting vehicle 9A331M self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system 9K331M "Tor-M2" (c) www.russianarms.ru
Colonel General Oleg Salyukov also noted that the SV received the latest Verba portable anti-aircraft missile systems, more than 130 new BMP-3 and BTR-82A and over two dozen Tigr-M armored vehicles equipped with the Arbalet-DM combat module.
bmpd's comment. Thus, according to the statement of Colonel-General O. Salyukov, in 2016 the first two serial divisional sets of the new 9K331M Tor-M2 air defense system were delivered to the Ground Forces, which marks the beginning of the serial production of this system at the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant Kupol JSC of the Concern VKO "Almaz-Antey" The ammunition load of the combat vehicle of the Tor-M2 air defense missile system is 16 new anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M338K.
Earlier in the summer, the planned delivery in 2016 of the first two divisional sets of the Tor-M2 air defense system was announced by the head of the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
The formations into which the first sets of Tor-M2 air defense systems were delivered have not yet been named.
At the same time, deliveries of the previous generation air defense systems 9K331MU "Tor-M2U" ("Tor-M1-2U") with 9M331 missiles continued to the troops. As already our blog, two divisional sets of Tor-M2U air defense systems manufactured by IEMZ "Kupol" delivered in 2016 were received by the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division of the Western Military District (Moscow Region) and the 5th Separate Guards Tank Brigade of the Eastern Military District ( Buryatia).
Earlier in 2012-2015, according to known information, the Russian Ground Forces were supplied with six divisional sets of Tor-M2U (Tor-M1-2U) air defense systems - to the 20th separate motorized rifle brigade of the Southern Military District (Volgograd, in 2012), the 2nd Guards Taman motorized rifle division of the Western Military District (Moscow Region, in 2013), the 59th and 60th separate motorized rifle brigades of the Eastern Military District (Primorsky Territory, in 2014), the 18th machine-gun artillery division of the Eastern Military District (Kuril Islands, in 2015) and as part of the 726th Air Defense Training Center of the Ground Forces (Yeisk) (in 2015).
Our blog that IEMZ "Kupol" ordered the supply from JSC "Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant" during 2017-2018 in total 48 tracked chassis GM-5955.15-01 for combat vehicles 9A331M - that is, for the manufacture of four divisional sets 9K331M "Tor-M2" .
The 9A331M combat vehicle of the 9K331M Tor-M2 self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system launches the 9M338K SAM (c) www.russianarm
