What knots are there and how to make them. How to tie knots on a rope? The most reliable nodes
Based on materials from the bookLev Scriabin “Sea Knots”
3. Knots for connecting two cables.
Oak knot(Fig. 20). Sailors use it only in exceptional cases, when there is a need to very quickly tie two cables together. Although connecting plant cables with an oak knot is quite reliable, it has a serious drawback: a tightly tightened knot is very difficult to untie later, especially if it gets wet. In addition, a cable tied in such a knot has less strength and during operation creates a danger of catching on something during its movement. Its only positive qualities are the speed with which it can be tied and its reliability.
To connect two cables, their ends need to be folded lengthwise together and, 15-20 centimeters from the edges, tie both ends as one whole with a simple knot.
Do not try to tie synthetic cables and fishing line with this knot: it crawls on them.
Rice. 20. Oak knot
Flemish node (Fig. 21). This is one of the oldest maritime knots, which was used on ships to connect two cables, both thin and thick.
In fact, this is the same figure eight, tied at both ends. There are two ways to tie this knot. The first one is shown in the diagram.
First, make a figure eight at the end of one of the cables tied together (see Fig. 3).
The connection of two cables with a Flemish knot is considered very strong. This knot, even if tightly tightened, does not damage the cable, and it is relatively easy to untie.
In addition, it has excellent quality - it is non-slip and holds securely on synthetic fishing line.
Rice. 21. Flemish knot Water node
(Fig. 22). The connection of two cables with a water knot is considered no less strong. To tie it, place the ropes to be tied with their ends facing each other so that their ends run parallel and touch each other. Holding the running and root ends of two different cables in one hand, begin to knit an oak knot with them (see Fig. 20), but instead of one run-out of the root end, make two. Before finally tightening the knot, check that one pair of ends comes out of the loop from above, and the second from the bottom, as shown in the diagram (see Fig. 22).
The water unit is simple and reliable. It has not found wide use in the navy, because with strong draft it becomes so tight that it is very difficult to untie it.
Rice. 22. Water knot Babi knot
(Fig. 23). Let us make a reservation in advance that the author deliberately placed this knot in the book, as an example to explain the principle of other sea knots. Woman's knot... How much irony and disdain can be heard from sailors towards this primitive and, unfortunately, knot that has firmly taken root in our everyday life! What sailors should not do is tie
The Babi knot consists of two half-knots tied sequentially one above the other in the same direction. If you tie two ropes with it and pull it, you can immediately see that it begins to move along the rope and slide along it. And if it is tied close to one of the tied ends of the rope, then when pulled, it can slip and will certainly slip if the tied ropes are of different thicknesses. Unfortunately, not everyone knows about this and continues to use it.
In our country, this knot got its name due to the fact that from time immemorial women tied the ends of their headscarves with it (it is very convenient for this purpose). Abroad, it is called the “grandmother’s”, “stupid”, “veal”, “false”, “newborn” knot.
But, oddly enough, sailors and fishermen of some countries use the woman’s knot in their work. In addition to its negative qualities (sliding and not being untied), they caught one of its positive properties - when certain conditions instantly turn into a simple bayonet (see Fig. 10) - into one of the simplest and most reliable maritime knots for securing the mooring of a vessel on the shore with a pole, bollard or mooring bollard. But in order to tie a simple bayonet when mooring, you need to get off the ship ashore and do it directly at the fireplace or bring the end to the shore so that those standing on the shore can do it. But it turns out that a simple bayonet can be tied to the mooring bollard without leaving the ship ashore. And this is done with the help of a woman’s knot, despised by sailors... To do this, a loop is made at the end of the cable, which they intend to bring ashore for fastening it with a simple bayonet around the pole, the running end of the cable is connected to the root end with a woman’s knot, which is not fully tightened. From the side of the ship this loop is thrown onto the pole. When tugging at the main part of the mooring line, the woman's knot turns into a simple bayonet.
“Mother-in-law” knot(Fig. 24).
Surprising but true. Some people, when tying two ropes together, somehow manage to tie a so-called “mother-in-law” knot, which is somewhat reminiscent of a woman’s knot. If in the latter the running ends come out of the knot on one side, then in the mother-in-law knot they come out from different sides diagonally. The “mother-in-law’s” knot is just as insidious as the woman’s (if not more). It should not be used under any circumstances.
The author placed it in the book to show how not to tie knots. However, from this dangerous knot you can make a wonderful knot called “herbal” (see Fig. 31).(Fig. 25). This wonderful knot is worth telling about it in more detail. Archaeological finds indicate that the Egyptians used it approximately five thousand years BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans called it Nodus Hercules - the Hercules or Hercules knot, because the mythical hero Hercules tied the skin of the lion he killed on his chest in this way. The Romans used a straight knot for stitching wounds and treating bone fractures. It consists of two half-knots, sequentially tied one above the other in different directions. This is the usual, easiest way to knit it (Fig. 25, A).
Sailors, who have been using this knot since ancient times to tie cables, use a different method of tying (Fig. 25, b). Weavers who use a straight knot to tie broken threads of yarn tie it in a special way that is convenient for them (Fig. 25, V).
The author of the book takes the liberty of declaring that a gross mistake was made in the interpretation of the characteristics of the direct knot and in the recommendations for its use, published in all domestic publications without exception. It has not been corrected to this day, they forgot about it and believed that this knot “reliably serves to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness” and that “it is very difficult to untie if it gets tight.”
This is what modern nautical reference books and textbooks published in our country in recent years tell us about the direct knot. “A straight knot is used to tie together two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong tension and wetness, the straight knot becomes tight and can be very difficult to untie.
The idea of taking reefs with a straight knot will seem absurd to today's sailors. But it was with this, a straight knot, that in the days of the sailing fleet they took reefs on ships with a straight rig: in two reef seasons they tied the upper part of the straight sail panel to the reef line. The reef knot (see Fig. 94) was used to take reefs on small vessels (yawls, longboats and yachts), picking up part of the sail along the lower luff, and connecting it with the reef pins.
Several years ago, the author of these lines drew attention to the fact that in almost all maritime dictionaries and textbooks on maritime practice published in our country in the last century, the knot in question had two names - “straight”, and, as It’s not strange, it’s also “reef”. For example, let’s look at the “Explanatory Marine Dictionary” compiled by V.V. Bakhtin and published in St. Petersburg in 1894 (p. 265-266): “A straight knot or reef knot (Reef Knot; Right Knot) is knitted from two ends . First, a simple knot is knitted, then the end extended by the right hand is passed to the left, and the other end, taken above the first, is threaded under it and tightened. From this you can see that the reef knot consists of two simple knots knitted one above the other. The corresponding ends of both simple knots must be on the same side of the entire knot, only then it is called straight; otherwise an oblique knot will come out.”
Soviet Admiral K. S. Samoilov in his two-volume “Naval Dictionary” (M.-L.: Voenmorizdat, 1939-1941, p. 465) also gives a second name for this knot: “Straight knot (Reef Knot) - a knot that is used to tie two ends for weak traction, since with strong traction (if you don’t put a brake in the middle of the knot), it gets so tightened that it can’t be untied and will have to be cut.”
Having made an excursion into old and modern encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries and textbooks on maritime affairs, published abroad, the author can state the following.
In English, the straight knot was and is still called “The Reef Knot.” This name was introduced into his naval dictionary by the English admiral John Smith in 1627. The term “straight knot” (The Square Knot) was introduced into the English maritime language by the American writer Richard Dana in 1841.
He is known for the fact that, being a lawyer by profession, he hired himself as a simple sailor on a merchant sailing ship, sailed for two years and after that published the magnificent book “Two Years as a Sailor” and compiled an excellent English explanatory maritime dictionary. In addition to these two names, English-speaking sailors call the straight knot sailor's, correct, strong and ordinary. But the official and most common name of the knot, which we call a direct knot, in English is still “The Reef Knot” - a reef knot. Scandinavian sailors call it a reef knot: the Swedes - “Rabandsknop”, the Danes and Norwegians - “Raabandsknob”.
It turns out that the straight knot in the days of the sailing fleet was used primarily not “for tying together cables of approximately the same thickness,” but for taking reefs.
Here is what is said about this in one of the best English maritime dictionaries on sailing - “Dictionary of Marine Terms”, compiled by A. Anetsd in 1897, which has since been regularly republished every 5-7 years in Glasgow: “The most common knot for tying is a reef, or straight, node. It is applicable in many cases, such as for tying the luff of a sail to the gaff, to the yard, etc., but it got its name (reef knot) due to the fact that reef seasons have always been tied with this knot.”
How can a straight knot be untied, which, according to the characteristic unanimously accepted by our experts, is so tightened that it cannot be untied and will have to be cut?” A straight knot, even if wet and tightly tightened, can be untied very simply, in 1-2 seconds. Tie a straight knot as shown in the top diagram of Fig. 25, G. Take the ends in your left hand A And B, and to the right - the ends IN And G. Pull them firmly in different directions and tighten the knot as tightly as possible. A After this, take the root end in your left hand B(to prevent it from slipping out of your hand, make a couple of slings around your palm). Take the running end in your right hand A(it can also be wrapped around your palm). Pull the ends sharply and firmly in different directions. Without releasing end A from your left hand, clench the remaining part of the knot into your fist with your right hand, holding it with your thumb and forefinger. root end pull in left side A And B- the knot is untied. The whole secret is that when you pull the ends A in different directions the straight knot turns into two half-bayonets and completely loses all its properties. IN It will also come undone easily if you take the root end in your right hand A and pull the running end hard
to the left. Only in this case is the end
you then need to pull it to the right, and the rest of the knot (half bayonets) to the left. When untying a straight knot in this way, remember that if you pulled the running end to the right, pull the main end to the left and vice versa.
Apparently, only in our country there is an unreasonably respectful attitude towards this unit. Sailors from other countries treat him more soberly and even with prejudice. For example, not a single foreign manual on knots contains such a dangerous recommendation for a straight knot, which is contained in the “Handbook of Marine Practice” we mentioned: “A straight knot is used to connect two cables of approximately the same thickness.”
The Ashley Book of Knots (New York, 1977), widely known abroad, says the following about the direct knot:
“Previously, this knot had a specific purpose in the fleet - it was used to tie the reef-season sails when they took reefs. Previously, sailors had never used it to tie together two ropes if the latter were of different thickness or make. It cannot be used to connect two cables that will be subject to strong traction. This knot creeps and is dangerous when it gets wet. After tying the knot, each of its running ends must be secured with a line to the root end.” Elsewhere in his book, Ashley writes: “This knot, used to bind two cables, has claimed more lives than a dozen other knots put together.”
The once famous American sea captain Felix Riesenberg, the author of one of the best textbooks for sailors in English: “Standard Maritime Practice for Merchant Marine Sailors” (New York, 1922) did not speak very enthusiastically about the direct knot. He wrote: “The reef, or straight, knot, as its name indicates, was used for tying reef seasons... This knot is used in many cases, although it can never be reliable enough if its running ends are not tacked. It should not be used for tying ropes for traction. This is a good unit for packing things, packages, etc.”
Unfortunately, many compilers of various manuals and manuals for riggers, builders, firefighters, rock climbers and mountain rescuers still recommend a straight knot for connecting two cables. Try to tie two nylon cables of “approximately the same thickness” with a straight knot and you will immediately see that even with not very strong traction, this knot does not hold, and if you accidentally pull on one of its running ends, it will certainly lead to tragedy.
And finally, finishing our discussion about the direct knot, we note that the most paradoxical thing here is that the ancient Romans called it a “female knot”, because it was "Hercules' knot" young Roman women tied the sashes of their tunics on their wedding night.
The young husband had to untie this knot. And, according to legend, if he did it quickly, the bride was not in danger of infertility.
Rice. 25. Straight knot A- the usual method of knitting; b -
sea knitting method; V - weaving method of knitting; G -
sea way of untying Thief's Knot
(Fig. 26). At first glance, it is almost no different from a straight knot (see Fig. 25) and it seems that it is akin to it. But if you look closely, it becomes clear that the running ends of the thief's knot come out of it diagonally. The thief's knot, like the woman's and mother-in-law's knots, are shown for clarity, to emphasize their similarities and differences with the straight knot.
It is not recommended to use these four knots, as they are unreliable for connecting two cables.
The origin of the name “thief's knot” is curious. It appeared on English warships at the beginning of the 17th century. The theft of royal property and the theft of personal belongings of sailors on British ships were considered commonplace. In those years, sailors on warships stored their simple belongings and food, mainly in the form of biscuits, in small canvas bags. Naturally, the bag cannot be locked, it can only be tied. As a rule, sailors tied their personal bags with a straight knot. The thieves, mostly recruits who were not yet accustomed to the starvation ship rations, having stolen other people's biscuits, could not correctly tie the knot with which the bag was tied. They knitted something similar - a knot that the sailors began to call a thief's knot. There is a second version about the origin of this name: to prove the act of theft from a bag, the owner deliberately tied a knot very similar to a straight one, and the thief, not paying attention to the catch, tied the robbed bag with a straight knot. But be that as it may, the origin of the node, as well as its name, are associated with the fleet. Rice. 26. Thief's knot, but also in medicine. They are still used by surgeons to tie ligature threads to stop bleeding and to stitch tissue and skin. Nowadays, medicine has not yet abandoned the use of nodes, and doctors skillfully use them. During abdominal operations, surgeons have to apply sutures made of catgut (a special material obtained from the mucous layer of the intestines of a ram or sheep), which resolves after 3-4 weeks. When tying, the catgut slips, and when making knots on it, surgeons use special clamps.
During microsurgical operations, doctors use extremely thin suture material - a synthetic thread 10-200 times thinner than a human hair.
Such a thread can only be tied using special clamps under an operating microscope. These threads are used when stitching the walls of blood vessels, for example, when replanting fingers, or when stitching individual nerve fibers. Mainly used are woman's, straight, bleached, surgical knots and the so-called “constrictor” knot, which will be discussed later.
When tying a surgical knot, first make two half-knots one after the other with two ends, which are then pulled in different directions. Then another half-knot is tied on top, but in the other direction. The result is a knot very similar to a straight one. The principle of the knot is that the first two half-knots do not allow the two ends to move in different directions while another half-knot is knitted on top.
This knot is convenient to use when there is a need to tighten and tie some elastic bale or burden with a rope and the tightened first half of the knot on the rope, without letting go of its ends, has to be pressed with your knee. Academic node
(Fig. 28). It is very similar to a surgical knot, differing only in that instead of one second half-knot, it has two of them. It differs from its, so to speak, progenitor - the direct knot - in that the running end of the cable is wrapped around the running end of another cable twice, after which the running ends are led towards each other and wrapped around them twice again.
In other words, there are two half-knots at the bottom and two half-knots at the top, but tied in the opposite direction. This gives the academic knot the advantage that when the load on the cable is high, it does not tighten as much as a straight knot and is easier to untie in the usual way.(Fig. 29). The name “flat knot” came into our maritime language from French. It was first introduced into his “Dictionary of Marine Terms” by the famous French shipbuilder Daniel Lascales in 1783. But the knot was, of course, known to sailors of all countries long before that. We don’t know what it was called before. It has long been considered one of the most reliable knots for tying cables of different thicknesses. They even tied anchor hemp ropes and mooring lines.
Having eight weaves, the flat knot never gets too tight, does not creep, and does not damage the cable, since it does not have sharp bends, and the load on the cables is distributed evenly over the knot. After removing the load on the cable, this knot is easy to untie.
The principle of a flat knot lies in its shape: it is really flat, and this makes it possible to select the cables connected with it on the drums of capstans and windlasses, on the lashes of which its shape does not interfere with the even placement of subsequent hoses.
In maritime practice, there are two options for tying this knot: a loose knot with its free running ends tacked to the main or half-bayonets at their ends (Fig. 29.a) and without such a tack when the knot is tightened (Fig. 29.b). A flat knot tied in the first way (in this form it is called “ Josephine knot") on two cables of different thicknesses almost does not change its shape even with very high traction and is easily untied when the load is removed. The second tying method is used for tying thinner cables than anchor and mooring ropes, and of the same or almost the same thickness. In this case, it is recommended to first tighten the tied flat knot by hand so that it does not twist during a sharp pull. After this, when a load is applied to the connected cable, the knot creeps and twists for some time, but when it stops, it holds firmly. It comes untied without application special effort shifting the loops covering the root ends.
As already mentioned, a flat knot has eight interlacing cables and it would seem that it can be tied in different ways - there are 2 8 = 256 different options for tying it. But practice shows that not every knot from this number, tied according to the principle of a flat knot (alternating intersection of opposite ends “under and over”), will hold securely. Ninety percent of them are unreliable, and some are even dangerous for tying ropes designed for heavy pulling. Its principle depends on changing the sequence of intersection of connected cables in a flat knot, and it is enough to change this sequence a little, and the knot acquires other - negative qualities.
In many textbooks and reference books on maritime practice, published in our country and abroad, the flat knot is depicted in different ways and in most cases incorrectly. This happens both due to the negligence of the authors and due to the fault of the graphs, which, when redrawing the diagram of a node from the author’s sketches in one color, cannot always make out whether the end goes above or below the other end. Here is given one of the best forms of a flat knot, tested and tested in practice. The author deliberately does not present other acceptable variants of this node, so as not to distract the reader’s attention and not give him the opportunity to confuse the diagram of this node with any other.
Before using this knot in practice for any important task, you must first remember its diagram exactly and connect the cables exactly according to it without any, even the most insignificant deviations. Only in this case will the flat knot serve you faithfully and not let you down.
This marine knot is indispensable for tying two cables (even steel ones, on which significant force will be applied, for example, when pulling out a heavy truck stuck half a wheel in the mud with a tractor).
Rice. 29. Flat Knot:
a - first knitting method: b - second knitting method Dagger knot
It is most convenient to tie it if you first lay the running end of the cable in the form of a number “8” on top of the root end. After this, thread the extended running end of the second cable into the loops, passing it under the middle intersection of the figure eight, and bring it above the second intersection of the first cable. Next, the running end of the second cable must be passed under the root end of the first cable and inserted into the figure eight loop, as indicated by the arrow in the diagram in Fig. 30. When the knot is tightened. the two running ends of both cables stick out in different directions.
The dagger knot is easy to untie if you loosen one of the outer loops.
Rice. 30. Dagger knot“Herbal” knot (Fig. 31). Despite its name, this elementary unit is quite reliable and can withstand heavy loads. In addition, it can be easily untied in the absence of traction. The principle of the knot is half bayonets with other ends (Fig. 31, i). Sometimes we have to tie two belts or two ribbons, well, let's say, reins. For this purpose, the “grass” knot is very convenient (Fig. 31, b). It can be tied by slightly changing the “mother-in-law” knot (see Fig. 24) or starting with half bayonets, as shown in the diagram (see Fig. 31, A).
When you tighten the “grass” knot by the root ends, the knot twists and takes on a different shape. When it is completely tightened, the two running ends point in the same direction.
Rice. 31. "Grass" knot:
a - the first method of knitting; b - second knitting method Packet node , (Fig. 32).
Its name says that it is convenient for tying bags and bundles. It is simple, original and designed for quick knitting. The packet knot is somewhat reminiscent of the grass knot. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to the latter.
It is a combination of two simple knots tied with the running ends around the alien root ends. To tie two cables with a fisherman's knot, you need to put them towards each other and make a simple knot with one end, and pass the other end through its loop and around the root end of the other cable and also tie a simple knot. Then you need to move both loops towards each other so that they come together and tighten the knot.
The fisherman's knot, despite its simplicity, can be safely used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong traction, it is tightened so tightly that it is practically impossible to untie it. It is widely used by fishermen for tying fishing line (not synthetic) and for attaching leashes to fishing line. Snake knot
(Fig. 34).
This knot is considered one of the most reliable knots for tying synthetic fishing gear. It has quite a lot of weave, is symmetrical and relatively compact when tightened. With a certain skill, you can even tie the strings of a piano with it. To do this, the place where the string is tied must be thoroughly degreased and coated with shellac. The snake knot can be successfully used to tie two cables made of any materials when a strong, reliable connection is required.
weaving knot
The weaving knot shown in Fig. 35, can be called the “sibling” of the clew assembly. The only difference is in the method of tying it and in the fact that the latter is tied into a krengel or into a sail, while the weaving knot is knitted with two cables.
The principle of the weaving knot is considered classic. Truly this is the epitome of reliability and simplicity. Versatile knot (Fig. 36). This knot is similar to a weaving knot in its principle. The only difference is that in a tied knot the running ends look in different directions - this is very important when tying threads of yarn. It is not inferior in either simplicity or strength weaving knot
and it ties up just as quickly. This knot is also known for the fact that on its basis you can tie the “king of knots” - the bower knot (see Fig. 76).
Rice. 36. Versatile knot Polish knot
(Fig. 37).
It can be recommended for tying thin cables. It is widely used in weaving and is considered a reliable knot. Rice. 37. Polish knot
Clew knot
(Fig. 38).
The clew knot is best used for attaching a cable to a finished loop, krengel or thimble.
It is not recommended to use a clew knot on a synthetic rope, as it slips and can break out of the loop. For greater reliability, the clew knot is knitted with a hose. In this case, it is similar to a clew knot; the difference is that its hose is made higher than the loop on the root part of the cable around the splash. The clew knot is a component of some types of woven fishing nets.
Rice. 38. Clew knot Brake clew assembly
(Fig. 39). Just like the clew knot, it got its name from the name of the gear - the top sheet, which is used to stretch the clew angles of the lower edge of a straight sail when setting the top sails. If a clew knot is used to tie single sheets of the lower sails, then a top-sheet knot is used to tie top-sheets and boom-sheets, top-halyards and boom-bram-halyards, as well as top-sheets.
A clew knot is more reliable than a clew knot because it does not immediately untie when the pull on the cable stops. It differs from a clew knot in that the loop (or krengel) is surrounded by the running end not once, but twice, and is also passed under the main end twice. During the times of the sailing fleet, the top-sheet knot was found wide application
when working with gear. It was used when it was necessary to take some kind of gear into the fire, for example, top sheets and top sheets. Usually they got involved with the Brahmins in the bram-halyard and the Guints in the topenant of the lower yards.
The clew knot is also reliable for tying two cables of different thicknesses. It holds well on synthetic cables of equal thickness. Docker node
To tie this knot, the running end of the thick cable to which you intend to attach the thin cable must be folded in half. Insert a thin cable into the resulting loop from below, make one run around the root part of the thick cable, pass it under the thin cable, then over the running end of the thick cable and, passing under three cables, insert it into the loop. The docker's knot is reliable enough to use the throwing end to pull (or lift onto the deck from the shore) a heavy mooring line, and it quickly unties. It is best used as a temporary knot.
Rice. 40. Docker node (bottom right - another version of the node)
Furrier's knot(Fig. 41). It seems strange that this wonderful knot, long known to furriers, has still remained unnoticed by sailors. His scheme speaks for itself. It is relatively simple, has sufficiently crossed ends and is compact (Fig. 41, A). In addition, the furrier's knot has an excellent property: designed for strong traction, it is tightly tightened, but also without special labor untied. This knot can be successfully used for tying synthetic cables and fishing lines. b In Fig. 41,
the second method of knitting it is shown.
Rice. 41. Furrier's knot:- the usual method of knitting; a - the first method of knitting;
second knitting method Liana knot
(Fig. 42).
This knot, although not widely used in the navy, is one of the original and reliable knots for tying cables. It is unique in that, with a very simple interweaving of each end separately, it holds tightly under very strong traction and, moreover, it is very easy to untie after removing the load on the cable - it is enough to move any of the loops along the corresponding root end and the knot immediately falls apart. It does not slip on synthetic fishing line and can be successfully used by anglers. Rice. 42. Liana knot
Hunting knot
(Fig. 43). The invention of a new knot by retired English doctor Edward Hunter in 1979 caused a kind of sensation in maritime circles in many countries. British patent experts, granting Huntsru a patent for his invention, recognized that the unit was truly new. Moreover, it holds perfectly on all lines, including the thinnest synthetic lines. Essentially, a hunting knot is a successful interweaving of two simple knots tied at the ends of the cables. Dr. Hunter did not pursue the goal of inventing a new knot, but tied it completely by accident..
Since the surname Hunter means “hunter” in English, this node is named here
Anchor Hitch - used to attach slings to any object. This knot holds well even when the line tension changes.
Bowline, arbor knot (Bowline) is a very versatile knot. It ties quickly (once you get the hang of it), and it doesn't slip or stop. This knot can easily be used to make a loop and can even be used to tie two slings together.
A Clove Hitch is used to attach slings to an object. Not the most reliable unit, but reliable enough for attaching fenders to rescue ropes.
Figure Eight – locking knot. It is used at the end of the lanyard to prevent it from slipping out.
Rolling hitch is a universal knot that has many uses. One of the most important uses is to transfer pressure to another line.
Sheet Bend - used to connect two slings of the same diameter together. In the case of slings of different diameters, or if a more reliable knot is required, use a double clew knot.
Reef Knot - used to connect the reef points on the sail. If it weren't used for tying shoelaces, it probably wouldn't be worth mentioning at all. The traditional phrase for tying this knot is “left over right, then right over left.”
Anchor Hitch - used to attach slings to any object. This knot holds well even when the line tension changes.
Bowline, arbor knot (Bowline)
The bowline is a very versatile knot. It ties quickly (once you get the hang of it), and it doesn't slip or stop. This knot can easily be used to make a loop and can even be used to tie two slings together.
Clove Hitch
The lashing knot is used to attach slings to an object. Not the most reliable unit, but reliable enough for attaching fenders to rescue ropes.
Figure Eight
The figure eight is a locking knot. It is used at the end of the lanyard to prevent it from slipping out.
Rolling hitch
The locking knot is a universal knot that has many uses. One of the most important uses is to transfer pressure to another line.
Sheet Bend
A clew knot is used to connect two lines of the same diameter together. In the case of slings of different diameters, or if a more reliable knot is required, use a double clew knot.
Reef Knot
A reef knot is used to connect the reef points on a sail. If it weren't used for tying shoelaces, it probably wouldn't be worth mentioning at all. The traditional phrase for tying this knot is “left over right, then right over left.”
Knots for tying ropes
Weaving knot (c, d)
The knot is easy to tie;
Used for tying ropes of the same diameter;
Control units are required;
Can be used to tie fishing lines.
Counter knot
The knot is easy to tie and holds well;
- “does not crawl”;
Used for tying ropes of any diameter (a-d), for tapes (e) and tape-rope combinations;
Convenient for knitting various loops, braces, etc.
Counter figure eight knot
Reliable knot, holds well;
- “does not crawl”;
Knits slowly;
Strongly delayed;
Used for tying ropes of both the same and different diameters.
Clew (a-e) and front clew (a) knots
Reliable knots, easy to knit;
They do not tighten under load;
The clew knot is used for tying ropes of the same diameter, the clew knot is used for ropes of both the same and different diameters;
Control nodes are required.
grapevine knot
Reliable and beautiful knot;
Knitting correctly takes practice;
Under load it tightens a lot;
Used for tying ropes of the same and different diameters, fishing lines;
Convenient for knitting loops, braces, etc.
Hunter's knot
Reliable and beautiful knot;
Holds well on soft ropes and ribbons;
Doesn't tighten too much;
Difficult to remember, requires practice;
On hard ropes it is not tightened enough;
Used for tying soft ropes of the same and different diameters, ribbons, nylon threads.
Snake knot
Very reliable unit;
- “does not crawl”;
Knits slowly;
Requires practice;
Used on thin soft nylon ropes;
On synthetic fishing lines it is tightened “tightly”.
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Knots for thickening the cable
Simple knot (Fig. 1). This is the simplest of all known knots. To tie it, you need to make a half-knot with the running end of the cable at its root end. It can be tied at the end or in the middle of the rope. To do this, the running end of the cable is carried once around its root part and passed into the resulting loop. Depending on how it is tied, a simple knot can be left (Fig. 1, a) or right (Fig. 1, b).
This is not only the simplest of all knots, but also the smallest in size. When the cable is pulled, it becomes so tight that it is sometimes very difficult to untie it. The Russian folk proverb suits it perfectly: “The knot is not big, but it is tight.” This knot, like no other, spoils the cable, as it bends it greatly. If, for example, to lift a weight, you use a new plant (hemp, manila or any other) cable, on which an untied simple knot remains, then the cable, although designed to lift a given load, will break, and in the place where the simple knot is tied node It is generally accepted among sailors that the strength of a new plant cable, on which a simple knot was tied under strong traction and then untied, will be half as strong as the strength of the same cable on which there was no knot.
Rice. 1. Simple knot: a - left; b - right
Nevertheless, the simple knot has long been used in the navy. When working with plant cables, it served as a temporary means to prevent their heels and strands from unraveling. It was also tied at regular intervals of 20-30 centimeters on the inclined piers of the bowsprit and jib so that the sailors’ feet would not slip when working with the forward oblique sails.
Rice. 2. “Bloody” knot: a - the first method of knitting; b - second knitting method
A simple knot was successfully used to attach wooden balusters to temporary storm ladders. Fishermen from some countries used this knot to take the so-called “Spanish reef”: they tied the upper corner of the jib to reduce its area. That's probably all the use cases simple node sailors in the past.
A simple knot can be useful in everyday life. Sometimes a person gets into trouble: during a fire, in order to save his life, he ties a rope from strips of sheets into knots. Usually in this case a straight or woman's knot is used (see below Fig. 25, 23). When using the latter, you need to tie a simple knot at the ends of the sheet strip. This will guarantee that the woman’s knot will not come undone under the weight of the person who will be descending along the tied rope from the window.
A simple knot is always used to tie at the end of a thread to prevent it from slipping out of the material, and to prevent the end of the rope from unraveling if a person does not know how to apply a mark. A simple knot, despite its primitiveness and the property of being very tight, is a component of many knots, which we will talk about later.
“Bloody” knot (Fig. 2). This knot differs from a simple knot in that its running end, being inserted into the loop, is once again wrapped around the root part of the cable. This almost doubles the size of the node.
The ancient inhabitants of Peru - the Incas - used similar knots with different numbers of schlags in the knotted writing they invented. By tying knots on ropes of a certain color and with the number of hoses inside each knot from one to nine, they counted to a five-digit number.
There are two ways to knit such knots. If the number of hoses does not exceed three, they are made with the running end of the cable inside the loop (Fig. 2, a), and if it is more, then the hoses are made around the root part of the cable and the running end is passed inside (Fig. 2, b).
Rice. 3. Eight
Since the ancient times of the sailing fleet, such multiple simple knots have been used by sailors different countries were called "bloody". The register of punishments for sailors in naval fleets of the past includes beatings with molts and whips, which were called “cats,” which are forgotten today. They were a plait woven from hemp rope, which had from seven to thirteen braids, but more often - nine. Each of the braids ended with a knot, which had from two to nine strands. “Cats” were divided into simple and thieves. The latter were more difficult. They were flogged for theft.
When punished with a “cat,” the offending sailor was tied by the hands to a grated hatch, which was placed vertically on the quarterdeck, or to a cannon barrel. As a rule, the entire crew of the ship was lined up along both sides and the boatswain (or his assistant) struck the victim’s bare back with a “cat” to the beat of drums. The number of blows was in the dozens. Depending on the offense, the sailor could receive from one to twelve dozen as punishment. Usually, after the third blow, blood appeared on the offender’s back, since the knots, tightly tied at the ends of the “cat” braids, cut through the skin (hence the name of the knot). After the first dozen blows, the bloody pigtails of the “cat” stuck together into one bundle and the blows became unbearable, the sailors lost consciousness and died in a state of shock. In order not to lose well-trained sailors in this way in peacetime, the British Admiralty in the middle of the 17th century issued a sanctimonious order: after the first dozen blows, the boatswain’s mate was obliged to separate the pigtails of the “cat” that had stuck together with blood. This procedure was called “combing the cat.” It was repeated after every dozen blows. But even the toughest sailors could not withstand six dozen blows, lost consciousness from pain and died. In modern English, the idiomatic expression “To scratch the cat” has been preserved, which, recalling the barbaric punishment on ships, now has the meaning of “to relieve suffering.”
Nowadays, the “bloody” knot has lost its purpose and finds other uses both in everyday life and in various professions, for example, in tailoring and bookbinding to thicken the end of the thread.
Eight (Fig. 3). This knot is considered classic. It forms the basis of one and a half dozen other, more complex units for various purposes.
Rice. 4. Stevedoring knot
In the form in which it is depicted here, this knot in maritime affairs serves as an excellent stopper at the end of the cable so that the latter does not whip out of the pulley of the block. Unlike a simple knot, it does not damage the cable even with strong traction and can always be easily untied. To tie a figure eight, you need to wrap the running end of the cable around the main one and then pass it into the resulting loop, but not immediately, as in a simple knot, but by first bringing it behind you.
The number eight is widely used in everyday life. First of all, it is very convenient for securing the cable when it passes through a hole in an object, for example, in the wooden handle of an outboard motor rope starter.
This knot can be used for rope handles of a wooden bucket or tub, if the rope passes through two holes on the protruding ends of the wooden staves. In this case, having threaded the rope through both holes, the rivets are tied in a figure eight at its ends on the outer sides. Using two figure eights you can securely attach the rope to a children's sled. To prevent your hand from slipping off the end of the dog leash, we recommend tying a figure eight. In addition, it serves well for attaching strings to the pegs of violins, guitars, mandolins, balalaikas and others. musical instruments.
Stevedoring knot (Fig. 4). Like the figure eight, this knot is a stopper for the cables passing through the pulleys of the blocks. It is knitted in the same way, but with the only difference that the running end is inserted into the loop after it has been wrapped around the root end of the cable twice. When tightening this knot, you need to make sure that the hoses at the root end do not twist and slip into the loop. A tight stevedoring knot is easier to untie if you pull the loop that is closer to the root end.
Rice. 5. Juffer knot: a - the first method of knitting; b - second knitting method
The name of this node is of American origin. It first appeared in explanatory dictionary in English Webster in 1890. The compilers of this dictionary borrowed it from a manual on tying knots, published by the American rope company Stevedore Ropes.
Deadeye knot (Fig. 5). In the days of the sailing fleet, this ancient sea knot was used to tension the shrouds using cable lanyards and deadeyes. It was tied at the end of the lanyard in order to hold the latter in the hole of the deadeye. The diagram shows two ways to knit it. The first method (Fig. 5, a), based on a simple knot, involves inserting the running end into the loop from below between the main and running ends and then passing it underneath. The second method of tying a deadeye knot (Fig. 5, b) involves tying a figure eight and pulling both ends into its corresponding loops, as shown by two arrows.
The peculiarity of the deadeye knot is that it is relatively easy to untie, even if it is tightly tightened.
Oyster knot (Fig. 6). Despite its name, this knot, like the figure eight, due to its symmetry, is successfully used by musicians for attaching the strings of a violin, guitar, mandolin and other musical instruments to pegs. In size, a tightened oyster knot is much larger than a figure eight, and therefore it is used in cases where the holes on the pegs are, for some reason, larger than needed for a particular string.
Rice. 6. Oyster knot: a - knitting pattern; b - ornamental knot
Rice. 7. Multiple Eight
This knot has one peculiarity of tying: it is tightened in two steps (Fig. 6, a). First, tie a running simple knot (see Fig. 82 below) and tighten it. Having passed the running end of the cable into the loop, tighten the knot again. If the oyster knot is tightened in one step, it will not form correctly.
In Fig. 6, b shows a diagram of an oyster knot, indicating its symmetry. In this form, it can serve as a good decorative ornamental knot for finishing a woman’s dress or as a pattern for embroidery.
Multiple figure eight (Fig. 7). Imagine that you need to tie a rope around a large cardboard box, a bale, or an old suitcase. Having done this, you discovered that one and a half meters of rope remained unused. By tying the running end of the rope around the part of it for which you have to carry this load, using a multiple figure of eight, you will not only shorten the rope, but also make a comfortable handle for this load.
The “multiple figure eight” knot can be used in all cases when there is a need to temporarily shorten the cable or exclude an unreliable part of its length from work if there is a fear that it will break. A multiple figure eight is a good handle for both a dog leash and a children's sled rope.
To make the knot even and tight, as you tie it, tighten each hose, moving it towards the previous one. If you later need to use the entire length of the rope, multiple figure eights are easy to untie. No matter how tightly it is tightened, this knot will not damage the rope.
Rice. 8. "Fire escape"
"Fire escape" (Fig. 8). In the daily activities of sailors, steeplejacks, builders, firefighters, mountain rescuers and rock climbers, there is often a need to use a so-called pendant with musings. In the navy, a pendant is a vertically hanging plant rope attached to something with its upper part, and musings are thickenings on it, woven into it in the form of knots, at regular intervals. With the help of such cables, sailors board the boats standing at the side of the ship. But a manufactured pendant with musings is not always at hand when you urgently need to go overboard by rope or climb a steep wall if there is neither a ladder nor a storm ladder. Imagine, for example, this situation. A man fell from the deck of a ship in the port into the water. There is a loose coil of plant rope on the deck. If you throw the end to someone who has fallen, it is unlikely that he will be able to climb on board: the cable may be synthetic, and in the port there is usually a layer of oil on the surface of the water. The hands of a person who has fallen overboard will slide along a cable that does not have musings. In such a situation, the “fire escape” comes to the rescue.
As already mentioned, the simple knot is a component of many useful knots. The fire escape consists of a series of simple knots that are tied one after another very quickly (20 knots can be tied in half a minute). It is magnificent in its simplicity and effectiveness, but requires skill and precision in execution.
Knitting this knot begins with the formation of a certain number of pegs wound behind each other. Take the running end of the cable in your left hand, stepping back 15-20 centimeters from its edge. Make the first pebble with a diameter of no more than 10 centimeters so that the root end of the cable is at the bottom. Then make exactly the same pebble and press it with the thumb of your left hand to the tips of the others. In exactly the same way, make 5-7 pegs, evenly laid one on top of the other. To prevent them from moving or getting tangled, put them on the outstretched fingers (except the thumb) of your left hand. You will get a kind of rope “cup”. Carefully remove it from your fingers so that it does not crumble or flatten. Now pass the running end, which you held in your left hand, inside this “cup” and bring it out on the other side. Place the “glass” on your left palm and clasp it on all sides with five fingers. With the bent tips of the fingers of your right hand, hold the upper hose of the “cup” and slowly, without jerking, pull the running end of the cable sticking out of the “cup” upward. As this running end is pulled out, simple knots will be tied on it. Their number will correspond to the number of pegs made, and the distance between them will correspond to the length of their circumference.
Using the described method, you can quickly tie knots, secure one end of the rope to the radiator, to the leg of the bed (table), throw the other end out the window and, if necessary, go down the rope (for example, in case of fire).
Such a situation is also possible. You need to pull out a car stuck in the mud. There is a long rope and people ready to help. To make it easier for them to pull, tie a “fire escape” on the ground so that the knots go approximately every meter.
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Untightened knots
Simple half bayonet (Fig. 9). A simple half-bayonet, being the simplest of non-tightening knots, is widely used in maritime affairs. It serves as the final element of many nodes. Wrap the running end of the cable around the object to which you want to tie the cable, then around the root end of the cable and pass it into the resulting loop. After this, attach the running end of the cable with a grip to the root end. A knot tied in this way reliably withstands strong traction. He may move towards the object, but he will never be drawn in.
A simple half-bayonet is used to connect two cables with “other” and “own” ends.
A simple bayonet (Fig. 10). Two identical half-bayonets make up a knot, which sailors call a simple bayonet. The expression “throw half a bayonet” means adding to the knot already made one more carry and crossing the running end around the root end of the cable. The diagram shows a non-tightening knot widely used in maritime affairs - one of the simplest and most reliable knots for attaching moorings to mooring bollards, bits, guns and bollards. To distinguish a correctly tied bayonet from an incorrect bayonet, the two loops of the knot must be brought closer together. If this results in a bleached knot (see Fig. 48), then it means that the simple bayonet was tied correctly. For such a bayonet, its running end, both after the first and after the second pegs, should extend equally above or below its end. For an inverted, i.e., incorrectly tied simple bayonet (Fig. 10, b), the running end after the second pebble goes in the opposite direction, not the same as after the first.
Rice. 9. Simple half bayonet
When two loops of an inverted knotted bayonet are brought together, a cow knot is obtained instead of a bleached one (see Fig. 46). If the half-bayonets of a simple bayonet are made in different directions, then when the cable is tensioned they will come together and the knot will be tightened. The main use of a simple bayonet in the navy is to secure mooring ends to mooring fixtures, to secure the guys of cargo booms to the butts and eyes, and to secure the cargo pendant to the load being lifted.
Rice. 10. Simple bayonet: a - correctly tied; 6 - inverted (not correct)
The maximum number of half-bayonets in such a knot under any circumstances should not exceed three, since this is quite sufficient and the strength of the knot as a whole will not increase with a larger number of half-bayonets. The reliability of this mooring unit is eloquently demonstrated by the old English nautical proverbs: “Two half-bayonets saved the queen’s ship” and “Three half-bayonets are more than enough for the royal yacht.”
Sailors often use two simple bayonets to temporarily connect two mooring lines, cable and pearl lines.
On shore, this simple but reliable unit can be used in all cases when the cable needs to be temporarily attached to some object for strong traction, for example, to a hook when towing a car.
Bed bayonet (Fig. 11). For many centuries, the bed for sailors on ships was a canvas hanging bunk in the form of a hammock with a thin mattress made of crushed cork. In plan, it has the shape of a rectangle, the small sides of which have eight eyelets for the so-called pendant ropes.
Fig. 11. Bed bayonet
These pendants are connected in rings, which in turn are suspended by the berth pins to special eyelets in beams or to rods made in the ship's cockpit for hanging berths at night. During the day, rolled-up bunks along with a pillow, blanket and sheet were stored in so-called bunk nets along the side on the deck and served as a reliable parapet from cannonballs and shrapnel during the battle. In the evening, before lights out, at the command “Bunks down!” they were carried below deck and suspended. Tying a knot to hang a bunk is serious business. Here you need to use a knot that does not tighten, is easy to untie and holds securely. The most important thing is that it does not come undone on its own under the influence of the continuous rocking of the ship. Sailors used various knots to hang their bunks, but the bunk bayonet was considered the most reliable.
A simple bayonet with a hose (Fig. 12). This knot differs from a simple bayonet by one additional hose around the object to which the cable is attached. It also serves mainly for fastening cables and railings when mooring.
Rice. 12. Simple bayonet with a hose
for bollards, bitings and poles, but is used, unlike a simple bayonet, in cases where there is no need to quickly release the mooring lines. This knot is also convenient for attaching a cable to a hook, fire, eye, etc. Two hoses around the object make this knot more reliable during long stays; in any case, due to the additional hose, it will not fray as quickly as a simple bayonet.
A simple bayonet with two hoses (Fig. 13). In fact, this is also a type of simple bayonet. The difference from the previous node is an additional, third hose. It increases the strength of the knot if the cable experiences constant friction against the bollard or biting. Attaching the cable to the hook using this unit is a very reliable method.
Fig. 13. A simple bayonet with two hooks
Bayonet with rim (Fig. 14). If for a simple bayonet with two hoses the latter pass on the side of the attachment point of the root end, then with this unit they are placed one on each side. This gives the knot greater symmetry; when the direction of pull changes, the knot moves less along the object to which it is tied.
Rice. 14. Bayonet with drift
To tie a bayonet with a bow, you first need to make one hose around the object with the running end, encircle it behind the root end and make a hose again, but in the other direction. This is followed by one or two half-bayonets.
Rice. 15. Fishing bayonet (anchor knot)
Fishing bayonet (anchor knot) (Fig. 15). One of the most important cases of using a knot in maritime affairs is tying an anchor rope to an anchor. For five thousand years of the existence of shipping, people for this purpose could not come up with a more reliable knot than fishing bayonet. Tested by centuries of experience in maritime practice, this knot is recognized by sailors of all countries as the most reliable for attaching a rope to the eye or to the anchor shackle.
Rice. 16. Reverse bayonet
Rice. 17. Mast bayonet
The fishing bayonet (or anchor knot) is to some extent SIMILAR to a simple bayonet with a hook (see Fig. 12). It differs from it in that the first of the two half-bayonets additionally passes inside the hose that clasps the object. When using this knot for an anchor, it is always necessary to grab the running end with a grip to the main one. In this case, even with very strong traction, the fishing bayonet does not tighten and holds securely. It can be safely used in all cases when working with cables when they are subject to strong traction.
Reverse bayonet (Fig. 16). When mooring ships to piers and moorings, a situation often arises when it is very difficult to enclose the running end of the cable around a pole or log. Sometimes you have to literally crawl under the pier in order to thread the end through a log or eye from the bow of a boat or boat. Using a reverse bayonet, you can wrap the cable around the required item once and at the same time tie a knot with two hoes around the object to which you attach the mooring line. To do this, the running end of the cable needs to be folded in half over a length of 2-3 meters and, looping it forward around the object, pull the loop towards you. Now the running end of the cable needs to be threaded into this loop, and the slack should be taken out at the root end and the knot should be finished with two half-bayonets. The reverse bayonet is convenient for use in cases where access to the object to which you want to attach the cable is difficult or inconvenient for tying a knot, for example, to a tow hook on some brands of cars.
Mast bayonet (Fig. 17). Here the original combination of two good knots produces a reliable and simple knot. First, a bleached knot is tied around the object to which the cable is attached (see Fig. 48) and an ordinary bayonet is made at the root end of the cable, which, as is known, is also a modified bleached knot. To prevent the mast bayonet from becoming too tight, the first knot is not fully tightened.
Rice. 18. Towing unit
Rice. 19. Port hub
Towing unit (Fig. 18). This unit is used to secure the cable to the towing hook or biting. They can delay or release the towing end. Thanks to the sequential application of several cable hoses on the bit, the towing end can be pulled from the bit, and when the tension of the tow is weakened, it can be pulled out again in the form of loops thrown over the top of the bit.
Port node (Fig. 19). Holding the synthetic mooring line on a pair of bollards is a simple matter. But what if, instead of a double bollard, you have a single bollard (or biting) at your disposal, and there is no light at the end of the mooring line? For this purpose, there are several original units in maritime practice. Let us explain the principle of one of them, which can be classified as non-tightening knots.
First, you need to make several hoses around the single bollard with the running end of the mooring cable. After this, fold the running end in half and in this form, in a loop, pass it under the tensioned root part of the cable, turn the loop 360 degrees and throw it on top of the bollard. This knot does not slip and holds securely. The cable can be released at any moment, even if the mooring line is under strong tension. To do this, you need to slightly select the running end passing under the root end and enlarge the loop, after which it will not be difficult to throw it off the bollard.
Nautical knots are a kind of art that dates back to the advent of navigation. And today this art does not lose its relevance. Absolutely every person who decides to travel across the sea should have the skills to knit sea musings. Regardless of what type of sea transport you have, be it a yacht or a small boat.
It is necessary to take into account that your musing must be very durable and reliable, since the safety of your cargo depends on it. And it must be attached exactly so that you can easily untie it at the right time. All beginners need to know a few basics:
- The fixed fastener, which is located at the end of the cable, is called the main fastener.
- The loose end that begins to move freely when knitting is called the running end.
In addition, there is also English terminology:
- KNOT is a musing that secures the running end to the main end.
- BEND is a mushing that attaches a running end with two torsos and joins it into one.
- HITCH is a musing that attaches the running end to any object.
For beginners, of course, it will be a little difficult, but if you remember the above, then in the future studying this art will not seem so difficult.
Main maritime nodes
There are a fair number of the most important components; all sailors should know them:
Gazebo musing. Eight. Hercules (straight, Turkish) musing.
First of all, you need to remember the gazebo type. It is very versatile, so it is suitable for belaying and mooring without any problems. The most reliable way is to tie two torsos with this knot. Its advantages are:
- Easy knitting.
- Ease of decoupling.
- It has absolutely no sliding properties.
- High level of reliability.
- The Musing Eight is the most standard sea knot. It got its name because of its shape, which resembles the number eight. It provides knitting of several knots.
- Mainly used for fastening.
- It is very easy to tie
- It just comes undone.
The oldest of all nodes is the straight line. Back in the period of ancient Greece, it was nicknamed Herculean. Thanks to it, two torsos of the same diameter are connected. It is often used, but, alas, it is not the most reliable. This musing has the unpleasant property of slipping along the cable.
In addition, it tightens greatly under significant loads and also when wet. The most important thing is to improve your skills more often, because practice is what will help you master this art.
How to tie sea musing?
Below will be listed several ways to knit sea knots. How to tie sea musing? At first glance, this may seem a little difficult, but if you are careful and patient, you will undoubtedly succeed.
Gazebo musing
Make a loop at the bottom and top. Pull the running end through it, and then pass it behind the root end and thread it through the loop. The running end must be in another snare. Then all that remains is to tighten it as tightly as possible.
Eight
Loop the running end around the root end, and then pull it over it. A standard loop should form. You need to put the running end into it, having first pulled it behind you. The final step is a firm tightening.
Direct musing
Fixing this musing will not be difficult. To begin with, you need to pass one running end in one direction, and the second in the opposite direction. Numerous nautical knot diagrams make it easy to learn. They are quite simple, so understanding them will not be difficult at all.
There are also other types of nodes that will be useful to you. There are non-tightening and tightening knots. There are also knots for fishing gear. They can often be found while fishing. Fishermen use them to catch prey. In addition to them, there are also knots that serve for decoration. Thanks to such nodes, you can easily decorate your home in the present nautical style. Such nodes include:
- Royal.
- Three-loop.
- Cordova. Turkish (that is, straight knots).
What is sea musing equal to?
Calculation of the distance at sea between points of the route that passes sea transport, there is a value called the nautical mile. It consists of the average arc length and one minute of the earth's meridian.
A knot is a linear speed, which consists of one m/h. It is widely used in maritime and aviation practice.
Sea musing for kilometers. According to the standard, one musing is equal to 1.8 kilometers per hour.
Node history
Ancient knots have been discovered in Finland. Based on research, it became clear that they date back to the Late Stone Age. Of course, the skill of tying knots came to us much earlier, but material evidence of this, unfortunately, has not survived to this day.
Working with them, the man of that century created various kinds of products that helped him in his household. In addition, they were also used in the creation of various accessories. Also, according to people of that time, knots had magical powers.
As mentioned earlier, in ancient Greece direct musing was widely used. They made a talisman out of it and wore it around their necks, believing that it could protect its owner. In addition, it was also used in medicine. With its help, the Greeks bandaged the wounds of the victims.
They have a large number of interesting legends and stories.
Almost all the units have not been forgotten and have reached us safe and sound. During the excavations, the remains of various harnesses, items of clothing, accessories, various types of labor weapons, as well as several types of knots were found. But absolutely everyone was known to this day.
But the development of the sailing fleet gave a big impetus. Thanks to him, we were able to create even more nodes that did not have any unnecessary elements. Their history is very rich and from it we can find out how our ancestors lived. What heights have they reached in this art?
The art of tying knots can be useful in many cases. There are many nuances when working with rope, twine, rope, halyard and cable due to the varying thickness of the material and strength, which ultimately can affect your safety and even life. A rope should always be in the equipment of a tourist, hunter or fisherman.
If it is necessary to survive in nature, it can be used to make: clothes, shoes or “swamp boots” to overcome marshy areas; cross the river and mountain crevice; bandage the wound and apply a splint; make a raft; hut, etc.
Knots and harnesses when moving and overcoming obstacles
When moving and overcoming obstacles, the most common use of nylon ropes is main (thickness 9-11 mm, length 30-40 m) and auxiliary (thickness 5-7 mm, length 30-40 m and 4.5-5 m). They are used when establishing various crossings, organizing ascent or descent along a steep slope, and when belaying on dangerous rocky, snowy and other sections of the route.
The success of using a rope is largely determined by the ability to correctly tie knots and wraps.
Knots for tying two ropes
If the ropes are the same diameter, then they are tied straight knot (“sea”) or weaving (photo 1, 2). For different thicknesses of ropes, use a straight line (photo 3, 4) And bramline knot (photo 5, 6, 7).
When tying knots, one should not forget that at the ends tied ropes it is necessary to make additional safety (control) knots; with large loads on the rope, they will prevent it from slipping and untying the main knot.
We must also remember another feature of knots: they should not only hold tightly, but also be easily untied when necessary. Knots in the self-tying version are tied with an additional loop of one of the ends of the rope in the knot or with a stick previously inserted into the knot.
Photo 2 
Photo 3 
Photo 4 
Photo 5 
Photo 6 
Photo 7
Knot for loops and binding.
It is used for tying a rope with a loop to a stationary object (tree, rock) and for tying a person when organizing belay.
Most common "conductor" node (photo 8, 9). This knot is simple, can be made either at the end or in the middle of the rope, but after tension it is difficult to untie.
When belaying, these knots are usually used in combination with suspenders, resulting in a so-called chest harness.
A saddle harness is knitted from the short end of an auxiliary rope and is used for suspended crossings.
Photo 8 
Photo 9
Auxiliary nodes
"Grab" knot (photo 10, 11) knitted from an auxiliary rope on the main one and used for belaying, climbing, pulling the rope at a crossing, etc. The peculiarity of the knot is that, once loosened, it can be easily moved by hand along the main rope, and when the auxiliary rope is sharply pulled, it immediately tightens. Knitted at the end of a rope or in a loop. When tying a knot on an icy rope, the second half of the knot should be completed with only one turn, i.e. make the knot asymmetrical.
Noose knot (photo 12, 13) can be used to quickly and reliably attach a rope to a tree, stone, or ledge. Knitted at the end of a rope.
Photo 10 
Photo 11 
Photo 12 
Photo 13
Nodes for other uses
A cable threaded through a small hole often has to be thickened on one side to avoid slipping. This need may be encountered when attaching a rope to a sled, when making a leash for a dog, etc. When towing a car by hand, this unit will provide a good hand rest.
It knits up very quickly, but it is quite difficult to untie, especially if it is pulled tight. In addition, it often damages the cable. If the cable breaks, it is usually exactly in the place where the knot was (photo 14, 15).
Photo 14 
Photo 15
If you once again thread the end of the cable into the loop, you will get figure eight knot. It unties much easier than the previous one. It is reliable everywhere: on a guitar string, on a bucket handle, etc., it can also be used as a stopper in a block. At the same time, it damages the cable significantly less (photo 16, 17).
Photo 16 
Photo 17
Multiple eight it will work if you fold the cable in half, wrapping it crosswise several times in a figure-of-eight pattern. It is useful as a handle for a dog leash, etc. (photo 18, 19, 56, 57).
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Photo 19
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Photo 57
Like the simple one, it knits quickly, but is difficult to untie. It holds well on vegetable cables, and “crawls” on synthetic cables and fishing line. (photo 20, 21).
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Photo 21
Knitted on a figure eight basis. It is reliable, does not damage the cable, and unties well. Holds tightly even on fishing line.
Having completed a figure eight with one cable, use the end of the second to repeat the first plexus, but towards it, tighten (photo 22, 23).
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Photo 23
Reef knot (straight) widely used in everyday life for tying two ropes. It is knitted in several ways: household, sea and weaving.
In everyday life, the Reef knot is knitted alternately. This makes it more convenient to attach a bandage to a wound or tighten a string. In the marine version, the cable is threaded inward and backward in a circle. The disadvantage of this knot is that it does not hold well on the fishing line. (photo 24, 25).
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It has eight weaves and does not spoil even steel cables, does not tighten and does not creep. Before applying heavy load, first tighten it by hand to prevent it from twisting in the future. (photo 26, 27).
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Photo 27
Holds two cross bars firmly even without the help of nails. Used for holding rounded rods, shelves, lifting weights, for packing containers (photo 28, 29).
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Photo 29
Noose (with half bayonets) Despite its simplicity, it is successfully used for lifting significant weights - rails, logs, etc. First, two half-bayonets are knitted, then the cable is wrapped around the object and 3-4 turns are placed inside the loop, facilitating self-fixation of the noose. The knot itself is placed away from the middle of the log. Without half bayonets, lifting weights is unacceptable (photo 30, 31, 54, 55).
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Photo 31
Photo 54 
Photo 55
Simple and reliable. The cable folded in half is knitted in one quick movement with a simple knot. The loop does not crawl even on synthetic fishing line, but it is tightened too tightly and weakens the cable, bending it.
An oak loop tied in the middle of the cable is used as conductor loop for climbers, for attaching several people in a bundle to one cable. It is also convenient for reducing the length of the cable in case of doubt about its strength (photo 32, 33).
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Photo 33
Knitted on a figure eight basis. And although it is a little more complicated, it unties much easier and does not weaken the cable (photo 34, 35).
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Photo 35
Burlatsky loops knit when you need to harness yourself to a rope, do wooden stairs etc. Having made a turn, move one of its edges onto the cable. Place your palm under the cable and pull the top end toward you. Before using the loop, check it by pulling it tight, as the burlac loop may creep along a little until it locks into place. (photo 36, 37).
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Photo 37
Arbor knot (bowline) convenient for descending from heights and widely used by climbers. Knits in a few seconds, even in complete darkness, in different ways. For example, wrap a cable around your waist and thread the free end through the loop from the bottom up. Having circled the running end around the main one, bring it back into the loop down and towards you. Pull the ends up and down at the same time to secure the knot. (photo 38, 39).
Photo 38 
Photo 39
At the bottom (photo 59-64) depicts a step-by-step chronology of knitting "gazebo node". This knot is ideal for tying on cables, including thin steel ones, when it is necessary to tow vehicle. The “arbor knot” is as easy to untie as it is to knit.
Photo 59 
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Photo 64
It is used to lower or lift even a limply sagging, unconscious person. One of the loops can be made larger than the other, then you can sit in one, and the other will be under your arms, without hindering the movement of your arms. If both loops are the same, then both legs are lowered into them, and one or two half-bayonets are knitted under the arms. The same knot can also be used to carry long objects (photo 40, 41).
Photo 40 
Photo 41
If you need to tie a loop on a cable without using the cable itself, knit vine knot. It holds well under load on a dry rope, especially if tied with a rope of slightly smaller diameter than the main one. But on an icy or wet cable it can slip. A rope knitted in a circle is knitted in a blind loop, wrapped around the cable twice. Then all that remains is to pull out the loop and fix the knot in the right place. Place a weight in the loop or use it as a step (photo 42, 43).
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Photo 43
For the simplest tightening loop, knit in one circular motion running simple knot. Thread the cable through the loop to create a simple knot for securing the end of a cable, tying bales, etc.
More reliable figure eight running knot. It tightens smoothly and comes out easier than the previous one. With the running end, simply “draw” a figure eight (photo 44, 45).
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Photo 45
In the case when the loop must be thrown over some distance (to the shore, boat, through a crevice), then it is made heavier scaffold (gallows) knot. If the mass of the loop still turns out to be too small, it will be enough to soak it in water. Fold the rope in three and wrap it in a circular motion upwards to the required number of “floors”. Thread the end into the loop and pull the right wing of the loop, fixing it (photo 46-49).
Photo 46 
Photo 47 
Photo 48 
Photo 49
To quickly untie two cables, use double reef or halyard knot (photo 50, 51). It is widely used in everyday life under the name double bow.
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Photo 51
If you have to hobble your horse at a rest stop, you will need a special hobble knot. It consists of three plexuses of the reef knot. For hobbling, the knots are not tightened too tightly so that the horse can move his front legs a little. In this case, it is more practical to use a soft belt made of genuine leather for knitting. (photo 52, 53).
Photo 52 
Photo 53
Links to two videos have been added at the end of the article. In the video on the left, Vladislav demonstrates the use of nodes and "Multiple Eight". With their help, a log weighing about 70 kg is dragged. And the second video (on the right) demonstrates tying and untying ‘ ‘gazebo node’ for towing a vehicle.
Sincerely, Vladislav Zverev.
Email: [email protected]
It is almost impossible to imagine a hunter, traveler or even a gardener who does not use a rope in the process of their activities. And in everyday life, the skill of knitting various knots can often be useful. However, more often than not, a person’s skill is limited to a very meager understanding of knitting methods.
In order to learn to knit maritime knots, you will need very little - rope and patience. The rope should be made of natural material, be soft enough and not too thick. Carefully consider the proposed diagram and try to tie a knot step by step. Don't think that by tying a few times you will become a master. Beginners very quickly forget patterns for weaving new knots. Therefore, practice constantly, try to bring your actions to automaticity. The main thing is to remember the sequence of operations, and not the name of the node, since only a small part has established names, the rest vary depending on the source. To date, about five hundred are known knitting knots. The most common one is called “simple”. Before you start knitting, remember that the free end of the rope (the one you will tie) is called the running end, and the long part is called the root end. To make a simple knot, twist a loop at the end of the rope and thread the running end through it. Tighten. You will get a small nodule that is difficult to remove. Despite its simplicity, it almost halves the strength of the rope. If a simple knot is accidentally tied in a fishing tackle, it should be cut and the fishing line replaced or the ends tied with another suitable knot.
To strengthen the reef knot, it is enough to increase the number of turns of the cord with its running ends. After such manipulations, a strong knot is obtained, called a surgical one. The main trick when performing this is to follow the direction of each turn. In the proposed diagram: the first point - the runs are carried out counterclockwise (relative to the root end of the rope, which is on the left). The second point is to change the direction, and the runs are carried out clockwise. If you lose sight of this subtlety, the result of your efforts will not be a surgical knot, but a slightly improved woman's knot, which is much inferior in reliability. The surgical knot is recommended for use on tensioned ropes. The reason is very simple: after completing the first point of the diagram, you secure the running ends, which means that all subsequent actions become much easier. Learning how to tie basic sea knots is very simple, the main thing is to remember exactly step by step diagram
