Doctor Zhigo letter to Tony analysis. Farewell letter to Doctor Zhivago from his wife Toni. I. Opening remarks

The theme of love is a key theme in the work of every writer, but each of them perceives it in his own way. In the novel "Doctor Zhivago" b. Pasternak reveals his view of this feeling. His love is contradictory and diverse in its manifestations.
The main character of the novel is Yuri Andreevich Zhivago, a Russian intellectual. He accepts the revolution not without hesitation. The tragedy of this hero lies in the constant doubts that arise in him in relation to the women he loves.
A blizzard, a blizzard, a blizzard, appearing already on the first pages of the work, accompany all the events of the novel. This is the cleansing November snow falling on the newspaper with the first decrees of the Soviet government, which Yuri Zhivago eagerly reads on the corner of Arbat. This is a snowstorm in which he, not yet familiar with Lara, as if anticipating their meeting, for the first time sees from the street a circle thawed from a candle on the window. In this house there is a conversation between Lara and Pasha Antipov: “Through this hole a candlelight shone through, penetrating into the street almost with the consciousness of a glance, as if the flame was spying on those traveling and waiting for someone.” This is also the frosty Christmas night, on the eve of which the dying Anna Ivanovna blessed Yura and his future wife Tonya.
Love, according to Pasternak, is as contradictory and changeable as all life of that time, like a blizzard, a blizzard, a blizzard. Speaking about the relationship between Yuri Andreevich and Tonya, the author most often refers to the concepts of love and duty. First of all, it was a duty to Anna Ivanovna, who bequeathed to the “children” not to separate. The words of this woman greatly changed Yuri Andreevich: “Tonya, this old comrade, this clear, self-explanatory obviousness, turned out to be the most inaccessible and complex of all that Yura could imagine, turned out to be a woman.”
No, we cannot say that Zhivago is indifferent to his wife. But his love is not at all the same as what he feels for Lara. In the novel, the “naturalness” of this love is constantly emphasized by the author. Lara at Zhivago’s tomb thinks: “They loved each other because everything around them wanted it so much: the earth under them, the sky above their heads, clouds and trees... Never, never, even in moments of the most royal, unforgettable happiness, did the highest and most intense happiness leave them. exciting."
Lara appears before Yuri Andreevich either in the form of a swan or a mountain ash, and, in the end, it becomes clear that for the main character Lara is the embodiment of nature itself: “As if the gift of a living spirit was flowing into his chest, crossing his entire being with a pair of wings came out from under the shoulder blades..."
The doctor instinctively strives for this woman, as if she were part of the universe. He and Lara are a single whole, this is what nature requires, this is what his soul requires. But love for Lara is fruitless, it is subject to a storm of passions. Pasternak portrays his heroes from such “angles” that the reader involuntarily has to think about what love is, what the truth is. Yuri Andreevich and Tony will have a child who will be very similar to Zhivago’s mother. What is this? Why is the relationship with Lara empty, although they suit each other like no one else? And what is true love in this case? The author does not give a specific answer, leaving the reader to find the truth for himself.
It is worth noting that Pasternak further aggravates the situation by introducing the image of Marina into the novel. Love for her is a kind of compromise with life: “Yuri Andreevich sometimes jokingly said that their rapprochement was a novel in twenty buckets, as there are novels in twenty chapters or twenty letters.” This woman was distinguished by humility and submission to the fantasies of Yuri Andreevich. Marina forgave the doctor all his oddities, “by this time the quirks that had formed, the whims of a man who had fallen and was aware of his fall.”
The love presented in the novel is very different in its essence. Here we can talk about the “multipolarity” of this feeling. Zhivago loved Lara passionately, and Tonya out of a sense of duty. He loved Marina because fate decreed it so. However, Yuri Andreevich never finds happiness in love, and all that remains for him is to compromise with life, to come to terms with reality.

"Doctor Zhivago"- novel by Boris Pasternak. Showing a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Great Patriotic War, through the prism of the biography of the doctor-poet, the book touches on the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, the intelligentsia and the revolution, Christianity, and Jewry.

PART 1. FIVE HOUR AMBULANCE

The mother of ten-year-old Yura Zhivago, Maria Nikolaevna, is buried in the cemetery. The boy is very worried: “His snub-nosed face is distorted. His neck stretched out. If a wolf cub raised its head with such a movement, it would be clear that it would now howl. Covering his face with his hands, the boy began to sob.” Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin, his mother’s brother, a priest with a low-haired priest, and currently an employee of the publishing house, approached him. He took Yura away. The boy and his uncle go to one of the monastery chambers to spend the night. The next day they plan to leave for the south of Russia, in the Volga region. At night, the boy is awakened by the sounds of a blizzard raging in the yard. It seems to him that they will be swept away in this cell, that his mother’s grave will be swept away so that she “will be powerless to resist him, and will go even deeper and further from him into the ground.” Yura cries, his uncle consoles him and talks about God.

Little Yura's life passed "in disorder and among constant mysteries." The boy was not told that their father had squandered their family's million-dollar fortune and then abandoned them. Her mother was often sick, went to France for treatment, and left Yura in the care of strangers. He experiences the death of his mother painfully, he feels so bad that sometimes he loses consciousness. But he feels good with his uncle, “a free man, devoid of prejudice against anything unusual.”

Vedenyapin brings Yura to the estate of the manufacturer and patron of the arts Kologrivov Duplyanka, to his friend - the teacher and popularizer of useful knowledge Voskoboynikov. He is raising Nika, the son of the terrorist Dudorov, who is serving a sentence in hard labor. Nika's mother is the Georgian princess Nina Eristova, an eccentric woman, constantly carried away by "rebellions, rebels, extreme theories, famous artists, poor losers." Nika gives the impression of a “strange boy”. He is about fourteen years old, he likes the daughter of the owner of the estate, Nadya Kologrivova. He does not behave very well towards her - he is rude to her, threatens to drown her, says that he will run away to Siberia, where he will start a real life, begin to earn money himself, and then start a rebellion. Both understand that their quarrels are pointless. Eleven-year-old boy Misha Gordon travels from Orenburg to Moscow by train with his father. Boy with early age I realized that being a Jew in Russia is bad. The boy treats adults with contempt and dreams that when he becomes an adult, he will solve the “Jewish question” along with other problems. Misha's father suddenly pulls the stop valve and the train stops. A man jumps off the train, who during the trip visited the Gordons in the compartment, talked for a long time with Misha’s father, consulted about bills, bankruptcies and deeds of gift, surprised at what Gordon Sr. answered him. His lawyer Komarovsky comes after this fellow traveler and takes him away. This lawyer told Misha's father that this man was “a well-known rich man, a good-natured man and a rascal, already half insane” due to excessive alcohol consumption. This rich man gave gifts to Misha, talked about his first family, in which his son grew up, talked about his deceased wife, whom he abandoned. Suddenly he jumped off the train, which the lawyer was not surprised by. Misha even thought that this man’s suicide would only benefit his lawyer. After many years, Misha learned that this suicide was none other than the father of his future closest friend Yuri Zhivago.

PART 2. A GIRL FROM ANOTHER CIRCLE

Amalia Karlovna Guichard, the widow of a Belgian engineer, comes to Moscow from the Urals with her two children Larisa and Rodey. Lawyer Komarovsky, a friend of her late husband, advises her to buy a sewing workshop in order to preserve her capital. She does just that. In addition, Komarovsky advises her to assign Rodya to the corps, and Lara to the gymnasium. He himself makes the girl blush with his immodest glances. For some time, Amalia Karlovna and her children live in the squalid rooms of “Montenegro”. The widow is afraid of two things: poverty and men, on whom she nevertheless constantly becomes dependent. Komarovsky becomes her lover. During their love dates, Guichard sends the children to their neighbor, cellist Tyshkevich.

Amalia Karlovna moves to a small apartment next to the workshop. There Lara becomes friends with Olya Demina, who works part-time in this workshop, and with whom she also goes to the gymnasium. Komarovsky begins to show Lara unambiguous signs of attention, which she is afraid of. But intimacy still happens. Lara feels like a fallen woman, and Komarovsky unexpectedly realizes that the usual seduction of an innocent girl is developing into a great feeling for him. He can no longer live without Lara and strives to arrange her life. Lara tries to find solace in religion. Nika Dudorov, a friend of her friend Nadya Kologrivova, begins to court her. Nika is of no interest to Lara, because he is very similar in character to her, he is also proud, taciturn, straightforward. Guichard's home is located near the Brest railway. Olya Demina lives in the same place, road foreman station area Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov, driver Kipreyan Savelyevich Tiverzin, who stands up for the son of the janitor Gamazetdin TOsupka, who is often beaten by master Khudoleev. Tiverzin and Antipov are part of the working committee organizing a strike at railway. Antipov is soon arrested, and his son Pavel, a neat and cheerful boy who studies at a real school, is left alone with his deaf aunt. Pasha is taken in by the Tiverzins. One day he is taken with them to a demonstration, which is attacked by Cossacks, beating everyone. In the fall of 1905, there are fist fights in the city.

Through Olya Demina, Pasha meets Lara, with whom he not only falls in love, but idolizes her. He does not know how to hide his feelings, but Lara takes advantage of the influence she has on Pasha. But she does not have any feelings for him, because she understands that she is more mature than him psychologically. Guichard and his children move to “Montenegro” for a while because he is afraid of shooting.

Yura's uncle assigns his nephew to the Moscow family of his friend Professor Gromeko. Nikolai Nikolaevich, coming to Moscow, stays with his distant relatives, the Svetnitskys. He introduces Yura to the children of his relatives. The children - Yura Zhivago, his high school classmate Misha Gordon and the owners' daughter Tanya Gromeko - became very friendly with each other. "This triple alliance... is obsessed with preaching chastity." Tony's parents, Alexander Alexandrovich Gromeko and Anna Ivanovna, often organized chamber evenings and invited musicians. The Gromeko family are “educated people, hospitable people and great music connoisseurs.” While organizing one of the evenings, Gromeko invited cellist Tyshkevich, who in the middle of the evening was asked to urgently come to Montenegro. Tyshkevich goes there together with Alexander Alexandrovich, Yura and Misha. In “Montenegro” they see an unpleasant sight - Amalia Karlovna tried to poison herself, but was unsuccessful. She sobs theatrically. Komarovsky appears and helps Guichard. Yura notices Larisa behind the partition, whose beauty amazes him. But he is offended by the way Komarovsky and Larisa communicate with each other. When everyone goes outside, Misha tells Yura that Komarovsky is the very lawyer with the help of whom Yura’s father went to the next world. However, at that moment, Yura is not able to think about his father - all his thoughts are about Larisa.

PART 3. TREE AT THE SVETNITSKYS

Alexander Alexandrovich gave Anna Ivanovna a huge wardrobe. Janitor Markel comes to collect this wardrobe. Anna Ivanovna tries to help the janitor, but suddenly the wardrobe falls apart, Anna Ivanovna falls and hurts herself. After this fall, she develops a predisposition to lung diseases. And throughout November 1911 she suffered from pneumonia. The children had grown up by this time and were graduating from university. Yura is a doctor, Misha is a philologist, and Tonya is a lawyer. Yura is passionate about writing poetry, which he “forgave the sin of their origin for their energy and originality,” and believes that literature cannot be a profession. Yura finds out that he has a half-brother Evgraf, refuses part of his father's inheritance in favor of his brother, because he wants to achieve everything in life himself.

Anna Ivanovna is getting worse, and Yura is trying to help her medical care. But something completely different helps her - when she says that she is afraid of approaching death, Yura tells her a lot about the resurrection of souls. He says that “there is no death. Death is not our thing... talent is another matter, it is ours, it is open to us. And talent, in its highest and broadest acceptance, is the gift of life.” Under the influence of Yura's speech, Anna Ivanovna falls asleep, and when she wakes up, she feels better. The disease is receding.

Anna Ivanovna often tells Yura and Tonya about her childhood spent on the Varykino estate in the Urals. She insists that Yura and Tonya go to the Svetnitsky Christmas tree, wearing new outfits. Before the young people leave, Anna Ivanovna suddenly decides to bless them, and says that if she dies, Tonya and Yura should get married, since they are made for each other.

Lara, who was kept by Komarovsky, decides to find herself honest earnings. Nadya Kologrivova invites her to work as a teacher for her younger sister Lipa. Lara lives with the Kologrivovs, who are very wealthy and pay Lara’s work very generously. The girl accumulates quite a substantial amount of money. This continues for three years, until Larisa’s younger brother Rodya arrives. He demands money from his sister to pay off his gambling debts, threatening to shoot himself otherwise. He says that he met with Komarovsky and that he is ready to give him money in exchange for renewing his relationship with Lara. She refuses this option, gives her brother all her savings, and borrows the missing amount from Komarovsky. She takes the revolver with which Rodya threatened to shoot himself and practices shooting in her free time. He is very successful in this activity.

Larisa feels that she is becoming superfluous in the Kologrivovs’ house, since Lipa has already grown up. She cannot repay her debt to Komarovsky, since she also pays most of his rent secretly from her fiancé Pasha Antipov. Material difficulties oppress Lara, her only desire is to give up everything and go to the outback. To do this, she decides to ask Komarovsky for money. She believes that after everything that happened between them, he should help her for free. She finds out that Komarovsky will be at the Svetnitskys’ Christmas tree, she’s going there, taking Rody’s revolver with her, in case the lawyer tries to insult her. Before going to the Christmas tree, Larisa stops by to see Pasha Antipov and asks that they get married as quickly as possible, speak up! that she has difficulties in which only he can help her. Pasha agrees. When talking with Larisa, Pasha puts a candle on the window. During a conversation between Lara and Pavel, Tonya and Yura drive past the house in a sleigh, who draws attention to the candle burning in the window. He receives the lines “The candle was burning on the table. The candle was burning...” Lara comes to the Svetnitskys. Yura and Tonya arrive there and dance together at the ball. Yura discovers a new Tonya - a charming woman, and not just an old friend. She worries him, Yura presses Tony’s handkerchief to his lips, enjoys the happiness of being next to her, and at that moment a shot is heard. It is Lara who shoots at Komarovsky, but hits another person. This man is comrade prosecutor Kornakov. He is slightly wounded, and Yura provides him with first aid. Zhivago is shocked that the culprit of the incident was the same girl whom he saw in Komarovsky’s company in “Montenegro”. And again he draws attention to how beautiful Larisa is. Suddenly Tonya and Yura are called home - Anna Ivanovna is dying. Tonya takes her mother’s death extremely hard and spends hours on her knees at the coffin. Anna Ivanovna is buried in the same cemetery where Yura's mother is buried.

PART 4. IMPORTANT INEVITABILITIES

Thanks to the efforts of Komarovsky and the Kologrivovs, the case about the shot turns out to be hushed up. For a long time Lara lies in a nervous fever. Kologrivov writes her a check for ten thousand rubles. When Larisa comes to her senses, she tells Pasha that they should break up because she is unworthy of him. But, saying all this, she sobs so inconsolably that Pasha does not take her words about separation seriously.

Soon the young people get married, then leave Moscow and go to live and work in Yuryatin. Komarovsky asks Lara for permission to visit her in a new place, but she resolutely refuses him. On their wedding night, Lara tells Pasha about her relationship with the lawyer. In the morning, Pasha feels like a completely different person, “almost surprised that his name is still the same.”

In the family of Yuri Andreevich Zhivago and his wife Tony, the first child is born, who is named after Tony’s father Alexander. The birth of a child deeply worries Zhivago. By this time, Yuri Andreevich had a large medical practice, he was considered an excellent diagnostician. The second autumn of the war is underway. Doctor Zhivago is sent to active duty in the army, where he serves with his childhood friend Misha Gordon.

Lara and Pasha Antipov teach in Yuryatino. They have a daughter, Katya, who is currently three years old. Paul teaches ancient history and Latin. He is dissatisfied with the society in which he is forced to move - his colleagues seem to him to be narrow-minded people. In addition, Pavel constantly comes to mind that Larisa never loved him and married him only because of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bself-sacrifice. In order not to be a burden to Lara, Pavel goes to military school and then to the front. Larisa believes that “he did not appreciate the maternal feeling that she had mixed into her tenderness for him all her life, and did not realize that such love was more than ordinary female love.”

At the front, Pavel realizes that he made a mistake by deciding to go there, and soon he goes missing. Larisa decides to leave Katya in the care of her former pupil Lipa, and she herself goes to the front as a sister of mercy in search of Pavel in order to explain things to him.

The son of the janitor Gamazetdin Yusupka rose to the rank of second lieutenant at the front. He fought with Pavel and had to inform his family that Antipov had died. But he never found the time to write a letter to Larisa, since there were endless fierce battles. Fate brings Yusupka together with Zhivago in the hospital, where both end up undergoing treatment. And in the same hospital Lara works as a nurse. Yusupka was never able to tell her that Pavel died, so he deceives Lara, saying that her husband is in captivity. But Larisa senses a lie. Zhivago recognizes Larisa as the girl who shot at the Svetnitskys’ Christmas tree, but does not tell her that he has seen her before. At the same time, news arrives that a revolution has occurred in St. Petersburg.

PART 5. FAREWELL TO THE OLD

New self-government bodies are being created in Melyuzeyevo. “Seasoned” people are elected to various positions. Yusupka, Zhivago and Antipova’s sister fall into the category of these people. Larisa and Yuri Andreevich even live in the same house, but in different rooms, while Zhivago does not know where exactly Larisa’s room is. He becomes increasingly interested in La-roy, but they maintain an official relationship. One of the letters that Yuri received from his wife contains advice to stay in the Urals with his “amazing sister.” Yuri Andreevich is going to go to Moscow to explain things to Tonya, but he is delayed by business. The doctor decides to explain himself to Lara so that she does not harbor any illusions about him, but he ends his chaotic speech by actually declaring his love to Larisa. Zhivago leaves for Moscow.

PART 6. MOSCOW CAMP

Zhivago comes home to Tonya, who asks him from the doorway to forget about the nonsense that she wrote in the letter. The child does not recognize his father, hits him in the face and cries. Both Tonya and Yuri feel that this is not a good sign. In the following days, Zhivago begins to feel how lonely he is. “My friends have become strangely dim and discolored. No one has their own world, their own opinion...” Communication with his closest friends Gordon and Dudorov also does not bring joy to Yuri Andreevich. He's annoyed that Gordon is trying to look funny. Yuri Andreevich's uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich, who was “flattered by the role of a political talker and public charmer,” also seems strange to his nephew. They said about Nikolai Nikolaevich that in Switzerland, where he came from, “he was left with a new young passion, unfinished business, an unfinished book, and that he would only plunge into a stormy domestic whirlpool, and then, if he emerged unharmed, he would again wave to his Alps, and they only saw him.” On the occasion of the return of Yuri Andreevich, the Zhivago spouses invite guests. At the table, Zhivago makes a speech about the period of history in which they all happened to live: “An unheard-of, unprecedented thing is approaching... In the third year of the war, the people became convinced that sooner or later the border between the front and the rear would be erased, a sea of ​​blood would approach everyone and flood sitting back and entrenched. The revolution is this flood. During it, it will seem to you, as it did to us during the war, that life has stopped, everything personal is over, and only people die and kill, and if we live to see the notes and memoirs about this time and read these memories, we will be convinced that in five years we have experienced more than others in a whole century... Russia is destined to become the first kingdom of socialism in the existence of the world.”

Yuri Andreevich’s main task is to worry about how to feed his family. He considers his milieu of the intelligentsia doomed and powerless. He feels like a pygmy “before the monstrous colossus of the future.” However, it is a future he is proud of. Yuri Andreevich gets a job as a doctor at the Holy Cross Hospital, and Tonya and her father are rebuilding their house, part of which they give to the Agricultural Academy. The family now lives in three barely heated rooms. Zhivago spends a lot of time finding firewood.

From an emergency release of newspapers, Zhivago learns that Soviet power has been established in Russia and the dictatorship of the proletariat has been introduced. To finish reading the purchased newspaper, Yuri Andreevich enters an unfamiliar entrance, where he encounters a young man in a reindeer hat, which is usually worn in Siberia. The young man wants to talk to the doctor, but does not dare. At home, Zhivago, lighting the stove, talks aloud to himself: “What a magnificent surgery! Take and cut out the old stinking sores at once!.. This is unprecedented, this is a miracle of history, this revelation is gasped into the very thick of the ongoing everyday life, without paying attention to its progress... Only the greatest is so inappropriate and untimely.”

Yuri Andreevich uses every chance to earn extra money. He goes on calls, and one of his patients is diagnosed with typhus. The woman needs hospitalization, which requires a referral from the house committee. The chairman of the house committee turns out to be Lara's old friend Olga Demina. She gives her cab to the sick woman, and she and Yuri Andreevich walk on foot. On the way, she talks about Larisa, says that she invited her to Moscow, promised to help with her work, but she did not agree. Olga is sure that Larisa married Pavel “with her head, not her heart, and has been naughty ever since.” After some time, Yuri Andreevich falls ill with typhus. In his delirium, he imagines that he is writing poetry that he has long dreamed of. His family is in desperate need during Zhivago's illness. Yuri Andreevich's half-brother Evgraf arrives from Siberia - the same young man whom the doctor met in an unfamiliar entrance. The brother is reading Yuri Andreevich’s poems. He brings food to Zhivago’s family, then leaves back to Omsk; before leaving, he advises Tonya to go to the former estate of Tonin’s grandfather Varykino, located not far from Yuryatin. In April, the Zhivago family leaves there.

PART 7. ON THE ROAD

The Zhivagos get themselves a business trip and, with great difficulty, find seats on a train traveling to the Urals for a long time. The train is prefabricated, it has passenger cars, heated cars with soldiers, with those recruited into the labor army, following under escort, and freight cars. Among those traveling on the train is Vasya Brykin, a sixteen-year-old boy who ended up in the labor army by accident. railway track snow is swept away, and everyone driving is mobilized to clear it. Zhivago learns that the region is ruled by Ataman Strelnikov, an incorruptible and brave Ataman who is liberating the area from Galiullin’s gangs. Several “volunteers” from the labor army, including Vasya Brykin, run away.

Yuri Andreevich at one of the stations decides to walk along the platform, but he is mistaken for a spy and brought to Strelnikov. It turns out that Streyanikov and Pavel Antipov are the same person. People called him Rastrelnikov. He repeats the name of Yuri Andreevich several times, while making it clear that he knows Zhivago from somewhere. Strelnikov says that he anticipates a new meeting with Zhivago in the future, but next time he promises not to spare him. This time he releases the doctor.

Second book

PART 8. ARRIVAL

During the absence of Yuri Andreevich, Tonya meets the Bolshevik Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov. He introduces her to all the things going on in Yuryatin, talks about the new owners of Toni’s grandfather’s estate. Varykin's new owners, the Mikulitsyns, give Zhivago a rather cold reception. Everyone in Yuryatin recognizes Tonya, although they have never seen her before, because she is very similar to her grandfather, the manufacturer. In addition to the unexpected arrival of Zhivago, the Mikulitsyns have many other problems - Averky Stepanovich, the head of the family, gave all his youth to the revolution, and then found himself on the sidelines, as the workers, among whom he worked, fled with the Mensheviks. But still, the Mikulitsyns give Zhivago a house and land on which they engage in peasant labor, taking care of food.

PART 9. VARYKINO

Yuri Andreevich keeps a diary in which he reflects on his predestination. Comes to the conclusion that his task is to “serve, heal and write.” Samdevyatov regularly comes to them, helping with food and kerosene. The Zhivagos live a quiet, measured life - in the evenings they gather to talk about literature and art. Suddenly Evgraf arrives, who “invades as a kind genius, a deliverer who resolves all difficulties.” Yuri Andreevich still cannot understand what his brother is doing, because he knows nothing about him.

Zhivago often goes to the library, where one day he meets Larisa, but never dares to approach her.

In the library he finds out Lara's address. He goes to her and meets her near the house with full buckets of water. And the thought occurs to him that she endures life’s hardships just as easily. Lara introduces him to her daughter Katenka, asks him for details of his meeting with Strelnikov, says that he is in fact her husband Pavel and that for a long time he could not have any contact with the family, since this is how revolutionary figures are supposed to be. Lara still loves him and believes that only Pasha’s pride forced him to leave his family - he had to prove the strength of his character.

Very soon the relationship between Larisa and Yuri Andreevich develops into a love affair. Zhivago is very tormented by the fact that he is forced to deceive Tonya. He decides to break up with Larisa and confess everything to Tone. He tells Larisa about this, goes home, but then decides to return to see her again. Not far from Lara’s house, the doctor is seized by partisans from the “Forest Brothers” detachment, led by Comrade Liveriy, Mikulitsyn’s son from his first marriage.

PART 10. ON THE HIGH ROAD

For two years, Zhivago is captured by the partisans, working for them as a doctor. Liverius treats him well and likes to talk with him on philosophical topics.

PART 11. FOREST MARRIAGE

Zhivago tried never to participate in battles, but one day he still had to take a weapon from the hands of a dead telephone operator and shoot. Yuri Andreevich aimed at a tree, being careful not to hit anyone, but he did not succeed - he killed three people. Zhivago crawled to the murdered telephone operator and removed the amulet from his neck, in which was the text of a psalm considered miraculous. After some time, he removes a small case from the neck of the killed White Guard, containing the same text inside. The doctor understands that this man is alive, because the bullet bounced off the case, hitting him. Secretly, Yuri Andreevich nurses this man and lets him go, although he says that he will return to the Kolchakites.

Zhivago observes how “mental illnesses of the most typical nature” begin in the partisan detachment. For example, soldier Pamfil Palykh was obsessed with fear for his loved ones.

PART 12. ROWAN BERRY IN SUGAR

Palykh went so far as to bring his wife and children into the detachment because he was afraid that the whites would kill them. All day long he made toys for children and looked after his wife. But after some time, Palykh himself kills his relatives, citing the fact that they should die an easy death, and not from torture by the White Guards. Palykh's comrades do not know what to do with him. Palykh himself soon disappears from the camp. After this, Zhivago runs on skis under the pretext of collecting frozen mountain ash in the forest.

PART 13. AGAINST THE HOUSE WITH FIGURES

Zhivago, having escaped from the partisans, gets to Yuryatin, to Larisa, despite the fact that for two years he was thinking about Tonya and his family, about his daughter, whom he had never seen. He gets to Lara's apartment and discovers a note from his lover addressed to him. That is, Larisa already knew that Zhivago had escaped. Wandering the streets, Zhivago reads the directives of the new government posted on the walls and remembers that he once admired “the unconditionality of this language and the directness of this thought. Should he really pay for this careless admiration by never seeing anything in life again except these unchanging naughty cries and demands for many years, the more lifeless, incomprehensible and unfulfillable as they go on?” Zhivago learns that his family is now in Moscow.

Yuri Andreevich returns to Larisa. She loses consciousness because she is sick, and when she wakes up, she sees Larisa. She nurses him, and when Zhivago gets better, Larisa tells him that her love for her husband has not faded. Larisa, just like Yuri Andreevich, loves two completely different, but equally strong love. She talks about how she became friends with Tonya, at whose birth she was present. Zhivago admits: “I’m crazy, crazy, endlessly in love with you.”

Larisa explains why her marriage to Pasha broke up. “Pasha... took a sign of the times, social evil for a domestic phenomenon. He took the unnatural tone, the official tension of our reasoning to himself, attributed it to the fact that he was a cracker, a mediocrity, a man in a case... He went to war, which no one demanded of him. He did this to free us from himself, from his imaginary oppression... With some kind of youthful, misdirected pride, he was offended by something in life that one does not take offense at. He began to sulk at the course of events, at history... After all, to this day he is settling scores with her.”

Zhivago, Larisa and Katenka live like a family. Yuri Andreevich works in a hospital and gives lectures on medical and surgical courses. But pretty soon he realizes that he will have to quit his job. The doctor realizes that at first he is valued for his new thoughts and conscientious work, but it turns out that these new thoughts mean “a verbal garnish for the glorification of the revolution and the powers that be.”

Larisa fears for her fate and the fate of her daughter. There are reasons for this - Larisa's former Moscow neighbors Tiverzin and Antipov Sr., who do not like Larisa, were transferred to the Yuryatinsky board of the Revolutionary Tribunal. Both are capable of destroying even their own son in the name of the idea of ​​revolution. Larisa invites Yuri Andreevich to flee the city, Zhivago suggests leaving for Varykino.

Before leaving, a letter arrives from Tonya from Moscow, in which she reports that the daughter was named after Zhivago’s mother Maria, that the son yearns for his father, that Tonya herself knows everything about her husband’s relationship with Larisa, that they are being expelled from Moscow and they are leaving for Paris . She speaks well of Larisa, but admits their complete opposite: “I was born to simplify life and look for the right way out, and she was born to complicate it and lead astray.”

Tonya understands that she and her husband will no longer see each other, admits that she loves him and will raise her children with complete respect for their father. After reading the letter, Zhivago collapses.

PART 14. AGAIN IN VARYKINO

Zhivago with new family lives in Varykino. Samdevyatov helps them triple their income. Yuri Andreevich devotes more and more time to creativity, writes poetry. “...He experienced the approach of what is called inspiration.”

Komarovsky is looking for Larisa, informing her that her husband has been arrested and will soon be shot. That is, Larisa can no longer stay in the vicinity of Yuryatin. Komarovsky, who has been offered a seat on the service train heading to Far East, invites Larisa and Zhivago to go with him, but the doctor refuses. Then the lawyer, face to face, persuades Zhivago to pretend that he agrees to go, only he will catch up with Larisa later. For the sake of saving his beloved, Zhivago agrees, and Komarovsky takes Lara away.

Left alone, Yuri Andreevich quietly goes crazy, writes poems dedicated to Larisa, he constantly hears her voice. Samdevyatov scolds him for being down and promises to pick him up from Barykin in three. During these three days, Strelnikov comes to Zhivago. They talk a lot about Larisa, Yuri Andreevich talks about how she loved her husband. Paul says that he went on a six-year separation because he believed that “not all freedom has been won.” In the morning, Strelnikov shot himself in the yard.

PART 15. END

The doctor comes on foot to Moscow. On the way he meets Vasya Brykin, who recognizes Zhivago and volunteers to accompany him. Yuri Andreevich looks very bad - he is sagging, dirty, overgrown. For some time he and Vasya live in Moscow together. Vasya works in a printing house and has a penchant for drawing. He condemns Zhivago for not bothering enough about the political justification of his family and a foreign passport in order to leave after Tonya and the children. Zhivago settles in Flour Town, where his former janitor Markel blocks off part of the Svetnitskys’ former room for him. He meets the janitor's daughter Marina, and they have two girls. Zhivago corresponds with Tonya and also communicates with Dudorov and Gordon. Suddenly Zhivago disappears and transfers into Marina’s name a very large amount of money that he never had. No one can find him anywhere, although he lives very close to Muchny Lane in a rented room. His brother Evgraf helps him with money, and he is also working on getting a doctor a job. good job, promises to settle the issue of reuniting Zhivago with his family. Evgraf was amazed by his brother’s talent, and Yuri Andreevich composed a lot during this period.

One morning Zhivago is riding in a stuffy, crowded tram, he becomes ill, and, barely getting off the tram, the doctor falls dead on the sidewalk. The coffin with the body of the late Zhivago is placed on the table where Yuri Andreevich worked. Evgraf brings Larisa to say goodbye to him. She addresses the deceased: “Your departure is my end. The mystery of life, the mystery of death, the beauty of genius, the beauty of nakedness... we understood this.” After the funeral, Larisa and Evgraf sort through Zhivago’s archive. Larisa confesses to Yuri Andreevich's brother that she had a daughter from Yuri.

PART 16. EPILOGUE

In the summer of 1943, Evgraf, already with the rank of general, is looking for the daughter of Larisa and Zhivago, Tanya, a linen worker in one of the units of the Soviet Army. Gordon and Dudorov, who spent time in camps in the thirties, are familiar with Tanya. Evgraf promises to take her as his niece and enroll her in a university. After another ten years, Gordon and Dudorov reread the notebook of Zhivago's works. “Although the enlightenment and liberation that were expected after the war did not come with victory, as they thought, but still, the harbinger of freedom was in the air all the post-war years... And the book... knew all this and gave their feelings support and confirmation.”

You can start with student reports about the unusual plot and composition of the work.

We will turn to only a few pages of this unusual work.

The entire novel is Pasternak’s revelation, his message to us living today, a message that makes us see what we had not noticed before. This is a kind of letter, captivating with its openness, love of life, and the ability to see poetry in prose. It contains notes, diary notes, poems, and letters as such.

We turn to such a letter - Tony's farewell letter.

Analysis of the pages of the novel (chapter 13, part 18).

– Do you think this letter was written according to the rules?

It has no address, no address, no beginning, no words of farewell. Tony's thoughts are jumping: she talks about herself, then about the events around her, then again turns to her feelings... It seems that she has already said goodbye, but the letter continues.

– In what genre is this letter written? (This is a cry from the soul that makes our souls tremble.)

– What was in this letter that made Yuri Andreevich forget what city he was in and whose house he was in? Forget where he is and what is around him? What is the power of writing?

This is a letter about love that has no future. Tonya never told her husband: “And I love you... I love everything special about you, everything profitable and unprofitable, all your ordinary sides, dear in their extraordinary combination... All this is dear to me, and I don’t know a person better than you.” But “the whole grief is that I love you, but you don’t love me.”

No, he loved Tonya, but he was too late to say it...

The letter in question is not the first that Yuri Zhivago received from his wife. But how different it is from others! It is farewell. And it highlights the whole wonderful soul of Antonina Alexandrovna: huge, able to love, sacrificial. It’s as if we see this woman in a new way, who seemed different before this letter.

– Remember other examples of women’s writing in literature.

Students can give presentations on examples of women's writing, which will summarize knowledge.

Pasternak loved and knew how to write. His epistolary novel with Marina Tsvetaeva is widely known: “We were music on ice...” So this letter that we are talking about today is music that shakes to the core with its sincerity, abundance of feelings and complete self-denial.

Finishing work on the novel, Pasternak admitted in one of his letters: “You cannot imagine what has been achieved! All that witchcraft that tormented was found and given names... Everything is unraveled, everything is named, simple, transparent, sad. Once again, in a new way, definitions are given to the most precious and important things, earth and sky, great and ardent feelings, the spirit of creativity, life and death...”

Two people - he and she - can find each other only in letters, and the more tragic is the situation when the letter remains unanswered, like a naked soul among the cold and wind, a soul that has no one to warm and save.

Homework.

Learn your favorite poem by Boris Pasternak and analyze it.

Lessons 85–86
Life and work of Alexander Isaevich
Solzhenitsyn. The originality of the disclosure
“camp” theme in the writer’s work

Goals: introduce the life and work of Solzhenitsyn; note the originality of the sound of the “camp” theme in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”; develop skills in analyzing text and preparing a detailed answer to a question.

Progress of lessons

Solzhenitsyn is a prophet in his fatherland. It can be said without exaggeration that this is the central figure of modern Russian literature... Reading Solzhenitsyn is a lot of work. ...its comprehension and understanding is one of the most pressing tasks facing both every thinking person who is not indifferent to the national destiny, and before the society seeking the National Idea...

M. M. Golubkov

I. Opening remarks.

Among the new themes that appeared in the literature of the “Thaw”, the “camp” theme stands out, affecting more than one thousand destinies of Soviet citizens. Stalin's rule remained in history as a time of repression and severe restrictions on individual freedom, but it became possible to talk about this only after the death of the “leader of the peoples.”

Here are some facts ( historical background can be prepared by the student).

Researchers consider the post-war period to be the apogee of Stalinism, when the number of political prisoners increased sharply. On January 1, 1950, according to V.N. Zemskov, there were 2.6 million prisoners (almost 4 times less in 1946), including 1.4 million camp prisoners, of which 60 thousand were convicts. In prisons - up to a quarter of a million. There are 2.7 million people in exile and expulsion. Add to them 2-3 million prisoners. In 1947 death penalty canceled and replaced with a 25-year sentence. Three years later, the execution was reinstated, but the sentence was left in place.

2 million prisoners and repatriated persons were passed through the inspection camps, of which 0.9 million were sent to camps or exile. Almost 50% of prisoners in the second half of the 40s. – political, many of them are “repeaters” who received new term after serving his sentence from 1937–1938. 175 thousand people were expelled from Western Ukraine, 160 thousand from the Baltic states, and Black Sea coast- 60 thousand (mostly Greeks), etc. They were all very necessary: ​​at the same time, various giants of the next five-year plan were being built in many places.

The totalitarian regime has reached the top level, the impossibility of its further progress has become, if not realized, then felt. The writer K. M. Simonov (1915–1979) noted that since the end of the war, illusions have multiplied: something must happen to move the country towards liberalization. An atmosphere of anticipation for renewal arose. Stalin understood this. Therefore, the repressive machine began to intensify its momentum.

“Yura, - did you know that we have a daughter? She was baptized Masha, in memory of her mother, the late Maria Nikolaevna. Now about something completely different. Several prominent public figures, professors from the Cadet Party of Right Socialists, Melgunov, Kiesewetter, Kuskova, some others, as well as uncle Nikolai Aleksandrovich Gromeko, dad and us, as members of his family, are expelled from Russia abroad. This is a misfortune, especially the absence of you, but we must submit and thank God for such a mild form of exile in such a terrible time. it would be much worse. If you had been found and were here, you would have gone with us. But where are you now? I am sending this letter to Antipova, she will give it to you if she finds me. on a member of our family, later, when you, if it is destined, are found, permission to leave, received by all of us, I believe that you are alive and will be found. This is what my loving heart tells me, and I trust his voice. By the time you are discovered, living conditions in Russia will soften, you yourself will be able to arrange a trip, and we will all again find ourselves gathered in one place. But I write this and I myself do not believe in the reality of such happiness. The whole grief is that I love you, but you don’t love me. I try to find the meaning of this condemnation, interpret it, justify it, rummage, delve into myself, go through our whole life and everything that I know about myself, and I don’t see the beginning and I can’t remember what I did and how I brought this misfortune upon myself . You don’t look at me somehow perversely, with unkind eyes, you see me distorted, as if in a distorting mirror. And I love you. Oh how I love you, if only you could imagine! I love everything special about you, everything advantageous and disadvantageous, all your ordinary sides, dear in their extraordinary combination, a face ennobled by inner content, which without this, perhaps, would seem ugly, talent and intelligence, as if taking the place of a completely absent will. . All this is dear to me, and I don’t know a better person than you. But listen, you know what I'll tell you? Even if you weren’t so dear to me, if I didn’t like you to such an extent, I would still think that I love you. Out of fear of the humiliating, destroying punishment of not loving, I would unconsciously be careful not to understand that I do not love you. Neither you nor I would ever know this. My own heart would have hidden this from me, because dislike is almost like murder, and I would not be able to inflict this blow on anyone. Although nothing has been decided yet, we are probably going to Paris. I will go to distant lands where you were taken as a boy and where your father and uncle were raised. Dad bows to you. Shura grew up, didn’t take advantage of his beauty, but became a big, strong boy, and at the mention of you he always cries bitterly. I can't do it anymore. My heart breaks with tears. Well, goodbye. Let me cross you for all the endless separation, trials, uncertainty, for the news of your long dark path. I don’t blame you for anything, not a single reproach, shape your life the way you want, as long as you feel good. Before leaving this terrible and so fatal for us Urals, I got to know Larisa Fedorovna quite briefly. thank you to her, she was constantly with me when it was difficult for me, and helped me during childbirth. I must sincerely admit that she good man, but I don’t want to prevaricate - the complete opposite of me. I was born to simplify life and look for the right way out, and she was born to complicate it and lead astray. Goodbye, we have to finish. They came for a letter, and it’s time to pack up. Oh Yura, Yura, my dear, my dear, my husband, the father of my children, what is this? After all, we will never see each other again. So I wrote these words, do you understand their meaning? Do you understand, do you understand? They are in a hurry, and this is definitely a sign that they have come for me to lead me to execution. Yura! Yura! Yuri Andreevich raised his absent, tearless eyes from the letter, not directed anywhere, dry with grief, devastated by suffering. He didn't see anything around him, didn't realize it.

>Characteristics of the heroes Doctor Zhivago

Characteristics of the hero Antonin

Antonina is the wife of Yuri Andreevich Zhivago and the mother of his two children; daughter of Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko. Yura and Tonya have been friends since childhood. When his parents died, his uncle N.N. Vedenyapin gave him to be raised by the intelligent and decent Gromeko family. So he grew up side by side with Tonya, and eventually married her, since he could not imagine any other life for himself. During her lifetime, Anna Ivanovna joined their hands and blessed them for a strong union. However, as you know, we propose, but God disposes. The marriage of Doctor Zhivago with Antonina turned out to be so calm and measured that soon the positive charges began to repel each other.

The young people moved away, despite the fact that they already had a son. Yura began to reach out to the woman with whom fate had encountered him more than once in Moscow, Larisa Guichard (Antipova). Her personal life also did not work out, since her husband Pavel believed that she married only out of compassion for him and his “childish” love. This is how two love triangles were formed in Pasternak’s novel, although in reality there were more of them. Tonya quickly found out about Larisa’s relationship with her husband, but did not interfere. She still continued to love Yura and tried to guess his fleeting desires and whims. If he needed to be alone, she sympathetically accepted it. If he wanted to be silent and think, she never bothered him.

So one evening, when he and Tonya were heading to the Christmas tree with friends, the lines were born in his head: “The candle was burning on the table, The candle was burning...” Later they formed the basis of his poem “Winter Night.” In Larisa, Tonya saw her complete opposite. If she was born to simplify life and look for the right way out, then Lara had a friend’s mission to complicate her life and lead her astray. This is how she saw the situation and was right in some way. Yuri Andreevich never saw his daughter from Tony, since she emigrated to France with her children. Before leaving, she wrote him a letter in which she promised to raise her children with full respect for their father.