The first Romanovs domestic and foreign policy presentation. The first Romanovs (10th grade). Mikhail Shein - hero of Smolensk

Socio-economic and political development of Russia in the 17th century. After the Time of Troubles, Russia went on for almost three decades
recovery process. Only from the middle of the 17th century. V
new, progressive
trends:
1) the process of “zoning” is underway - economic
specializations of different regions. In the northwest, in
Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk lands are cultivated
flax, hemp (hemp) and other industrial crops.
Northeast - Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod
land - begins to specialize in cattle breeding.
Chernozem regions (their development begins in the 17th century) and
The Volga region grows wheat. Moscow region (incl.
Tula) becomes the center of metallurgy;
2) peasant crafts are developing noticeably: on
in the northwest - weaving, in the northeast - leather. IN
The original Filimonovsky appears in the Tula region
fishing (Filimonovskaya toy).

Socio-economic and political development of Russia in the 17th century.

3) Increasing exchange of agricultural and
commercial products led to the emergence
commodity exchange centers - fairs. Total of them
there were about 80, three of which were
central: Makaryevskaya (Nizhny Novgorod),
Irbitskaya (South Urals) and Svenskaya (near Bryansk).
4) Production becomes “small-scale”
character (sales oriented).
5) Manufactures have become a new phenomenon in the economy -
large production with division of labor, in
mostly manual. Number of manufactories in Russia
XVII century was insignificant. The only industry
in which they arose was metallurgy.
6) The coin system was improved. At
Mikhail Fedorovich with a national coin
became a silver ruble, consisting of one hundred kopecks.

Conclusions

The presence of these new trends for Russia
indicates the development in the country
a single all-Russian market, i.e.
global state system
exchange of goods.
IN socially more and more
The nobility becomes a significant force.
Continuing to give land to service people for
service, the government avoided taking them away.
Increasingly, estates are inherited,
those. are becoming more and more like fiefdoms
and a state interested in strengthening
nobility, contributes to this process

The most important events in domestic politics

In 1649, the Council Code was finally
serfdom formalized: search for fugitives
became indefinite.
This enslavement was still formal
character - the state did not have the strength to
really attach the peasantry to the land. Except
Moreover, the Council Code brought even closer
estate and fiefdom.
The authorities have taken measures to maintain trade
estates. In 1653, the Trade Charter was adopted,
established high protectionist
duties

Preconditions of absolutism

Zemsky Sobors under the son of Michael
Fedorovich Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) cease to be convened. Last
a full-fledged council was convened for
making a decision on Ukraine's accession
to Russia.
The tsarist government takes control of the Boyar Duma
their control by introducing Duma clerks into it and
nobles (up to 30% of the composition), unconditionally
supporting the king.
Thus, a transition begins in Russia
to absolutism, i.e. unlimited power
monarch.

Equation of boyars with nobles

Proof of the increased strength of royal power and
The weakening of the boyars was abolished in 1682.
localism. The boyars thus lost
class privileges upon appointment to a position
and, in this sense, were equal in rights with
nobles.
The administrative bureaucracy is strengthening and growing,
served as a support for the king. Order system
becomes bulky and clumsy: by the end of the 17th century.
there were more than 70 orders, some of them
was of a functional nature - Posolsky,
Local, Streletsky, etc., and part
territorial – Siberian, Kazan,
Malorossiysky, etc. An attempt to control her
with the help of the order, the Secret Affairs were not completed
success.

Rapprochement with Western Civilization

In the second half of the 17th century. appear in Russia
regiments of the new formation (infantry) and Reiter regiments
(cavalry), in which those who were “willing” served for a salary
people” are volunteers.
One of the main problems during the reign
Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet (1645-76)
the question arises of overcoming voluntary
international isolation of Russia. The king creates
an island of European life on Lake Kukuy –
German settlement - a colony for emigrants from
Europe.
However, the expansion of ties with the West is hampered by
church, which, moreover, claims to control
over the state.

Confrontation with the Church

To weaken the influence of the church on society
life and expand ties with the West Alexey
Mikhailovich begins church reform in 1654.
Patriarch Nikon became the main ideologist of the reform.
The reason for reform is the need for correction
church books (translations from Greek beginnings
XI century), in which a mass has accumulated over the centuries
errors. The model for correction was
Greek originals, which in itself
meant the church recognized the possibility
cultural borrowing from Europe.
In addition, there have been minor changes
church ceremonies: triplicity introduced, allowed
Catholic cross along with Orthodox, etc.

The reform was of enormous importance

The centuries-old spiritual isolation of Russians began to collapse
society.
Conditions have been created for future global
transformations of society.
The state, having become the initiator of the reform, confirmed
its priority right to manage the company. This
confirmed by the Great Moscow Council of 1666-1667. This
the council, at the insistence of Alexei, dismissed
Nikon, who tried to strengthen his power.
The reform led to the Schism - the division of society into
supporters and opponents of reform (schismatics) in
headed by Archpriest Avvakum.
As a sign of protest, schismatics go to sparsely populated areas
places or commit “gari” - self-immolation. Fight with
schismatics will reach its apogee under Peter I and
will continue until almost the middle of the 19th century.

Russian foreign policy in the 17th century.

In 1632-1634. Russia fought the Smolensk War,
which ended in victory for Poland. Polyanovsky
the peace of 1634 left Smolensk for the Poles. However
less, the war also had a positive meaning -
King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Vladislav IV refused
claims to the Russian throne.
In 1648, an uprising broke out in Ukraine,
headed by Bohdan Khmelnitsky. Insurrection
began with the victories of the Cossacks over the troops of Rech
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, since 1651 the Ukrainian army
begins to suffer defeats. Khmelnitsky
turned to Russia for support. In 1653
Zemsky Sobor in Moscow, and then, in 1654,
The Pereyaslav Rada in Ukraine spoke in favor of
reunification of Ukraine and Russia. After that
another Russian-Polish war began

End of wars

The first actions of the Russian troops were successful:
in 1654, they returned Smolensk and captured
a significant part of the rebels against the Poles
Belarus. However, without bringing this war to an end,
in 1656 Russia started a new war with Sweden,
trying to break through to the Baltic Sea.
According to the Treaty of Kardis with Sweden (1661) Russia
returned all the Baltic territories to her,
captured during the war. Failed to achieve
complete success in the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: according to
Truce of Andrusovo (1667) Russia
received Smolensk, Levoberezhnaya (Eastern)
Ukraine and part of Right Bank Ukraine with Kyiv
and Zaporozhye Sich.

Relations with Turkey

After these wars, relations deteriorated sharply
Russia with the Ottoman Empire claiming
territory of Left Bank Ukraine. In 1677
the united Ottoman-Crimean army besieged
Chigirin is a Russian fortress in Ukraine. In 1678
it was captured, but the siege of Chigirin
weakened the Ottomans and other military actions
they no longer had enough strength. In 1681 in Bakhchisarai
a treaty was signed according to which the Turks recognized
Russia's right to its Ukrainian territories.
Under the same treaty, Russia became a member
Holy League - Union of Austria, Rech
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Venice, created to fight
Ottoman Empire

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Presentation on the topic: First Romanovs 10th grade

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Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne. This marked the beginning of a new dynasty - the Romanov dynasty. Born on July 12, 1596 in Moscow. Son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, metropolitan (later Patriarch Philaret) and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha). At his accession to the throne he was 16 years old. The election of Mikhail Fedorovich put an end to the Time of Troubles.

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Patriarch Filaret At first, the Tsar’s mother and the Saltykov boyars ruled on behalf of Mikhail. In 1619, the de facto ruler of the country became the tsar’s father, Metropolitan Philaret, who returned from Polish captivity and was elected patriarch. In 1619-1633. It was Patriarch Filaret who actually led the state policy. Being the parent of the sovereign, Filaret Romanov until the end of his life (1633) was officially his co-ruler and officially bore the title of “great sovereign.” By upbringing and character he was a secular man; he was poorly versed in church and theological matters proper and addressed controversial issues to the Patriarch of Constantinople.

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Estate-representative monarchy The reign of Mikhail Romanov was the heyday of the Zemsky Sobors and the Boyar Duma. This meant the establishment in Russia of an estate-representative monarchy, characteristic of most Western European states. Estate-representative bodies legitimized the decisions of the tsarist government and helped it establish itself in the eyes of the people

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Zemsky Sobors Until 1622, Zemsky Sobors acted almost continuously as an advisory body under the tsarist government. They resolve current administrative and financial issues. The tsarist government seeks to rely on zemstvo councils when carrying out financial activities: collecting “five-point money”, restoring the damaged economy, eliminating the consequences of the intervention and preventing new aggression from Poland. Zemsky Sobors essentially turned into a body of administrative power, in which representatives of the nobility and townspeople played a large, even decisive role. At the same time, the Zemsky Sobors did not limit, but rather strengthened the power of the monarch.

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Alexey Mikhailovich (1645-1676) Distinguished, like his father, by his gentleness and meekness of character, he could also show temper and anger. His indispensable features were decorum, meekness, good looks, mercy, and fear of God. The combination of these features was embodied in his title “The Quietest.” During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, there were several popular uprisings. Under him, the Left Bank Ukraine was annexed.

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Strengthening the autocracy Beginning with the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, absolutist tendencies began to dominate in the development of Russian statehood. These trends were expressed in political teachings about an “enlightened” absolute monarchy, capable of best ensuring the highest good of all its subjects. Such doctrines closely tied economic and political transformations into one knot, suggesting ways to implement them. Instead of the former “sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Rus'”, he became the following: by the grace of God, great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Great and Small and White Russia, autocrat. The title emphasized the idea of ​​the divine origin of royal power and its autocratic character.

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The Council Code of 1649 The Council Code of 1649, which consolidated the socio-economic changes of the Russian state, also reflected the increased power of the autocratic monarch. Chapters 2 and 3 of the Code established harsh punishment for crimes directed against the personality of the king, his honor, health, and for crimes committed on the territory of the royal palace. All these crimes were identified with the concept of state crime, introduced for the first time into the law of the Russian state.

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Cathedral Code of 1649 Death penalty was established for direct intent (“evil intent”) against the life and health of the tsar, as well as for detection of intent against the tsar and the state (rebellion, treason, conspiracy). Chapter 1 is devoted to protecting the interests of the church from “church rebels,” as well as protecting the nobles, even in cases of their murder of slaves and peasants. About sharp social differentiation and the state’s protection of the interests of the ruling class is evidenced by the difference in fines for “dishonor”: a peasant - 2 rubles, a walking person - 1 ruble, and persons of the privileged classes up to 70-100 rubles.

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The Conciliar Code of 1649 The Conciliar Code of 1649 finally formalized serfdom - the eternal hereditary dependence of the peasants was established, the “fixed summers” for searching for runaway peasants were abolished, and a high fine was established for harboring runaways. Landowner peasants were deprived of the right of judicial representation in property disputes.

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Cathedral Code of 1649. The townspeople (i.e., townspeople) were attached to the towns and were also subject to state taxes and taxes. The search for fugitive townspeople was envisaged. The cathedral code also eliminated the “white settlements” - urban areas that belonged to secular landowners or monasteries, the population of which was exempted (“whitewashed”) from paying posad state taxes. The liquidation of the “white settlements” was insisted primarily by the townspeople, who bore heavier duties.

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Cathedral Code of 1649. The system of punishments in the Cathedral Code looked like as follows: Death penalty (in 36 cases) - hanging, beheading, quartering, burning (for religious matters and in relation to arsonists), as well as “pouring a red-hot iron down the throat” (for counterfeiting). Corporal punishment was divided into self-harm (cutting off a hand for theft, branding, cutting of the nostrils, etc.) and painful (beating with a whip or batogs). Imprisonment from three days to life imprisonment. Prison inmates fed themselves at the expense of relatives or alms. Exile is a punishment for “high-ranking” persons. It was the result of disgrace. “Deprivation of honor,” that is, deprivation of ranks or reduction in rank. Fines - called “sale” Confiscation of property Purposes of punishment: deterrence, punishment and separation of the criminal from environment(cutting off the nose, branding, cutting off an ear, etc.).

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Order of secret affairs. Evidence of the growing power of the tsar by the middle of the 17th century was the creation of the Order of Secret Affairs. Even in the first years of his reign, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had with him several clerks from the order of the Grand Palace for personal correspondence. This state at the end of 1654 or at the beginning of 1655 received a certain organization The Order of Secret Affairs - the personal office of the tsar, a body that allows the tsar to resolve the most important state issues without the Boyar Duma. The Order of Secret Affairs carried out investigations into the most important state affairs. Some researchers consider it the first institutionalized intelligence service in Russia. The order of secret affairs was destroyed at the very beginning of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich.

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“Nominal decrees” In the practice of legislative activity of the Russian state, the concept of “nominal decrees” appeared, i.e. a legislative act given only by the Tsar, without the participation of the Boyar Duma. All nominal decrees were in the nature of minor acts of the supreme administration and court.

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Voivodes Changes also occurred in the organization of local government: power in the counties was concentrated in the hands of voivodes appointed from the center. The gradual curtailment of the provincial and zemstvo reforms of Ivan the Terrible begins. The local government system also retained many archaic features. In some places where local self-government bodies were preserved, a kind of dual power developed, which impeded the performance of administrative functions. Although, unlike the feeders, the activity of the voivode was a service and not a reward, it was not paid by the state. The voivode was supported at the expense of the local population, like feeders in the beginning. XVI century In 1679 local government finally transferred to the full department of governors sent from Moscow, and all other local positions, i.e. detectives, provincial elders and clerks, were abolished.

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“Regiments of the new system” During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the creation of regular military units (1630s), “regiments of the new system” began, the rank and file of which were “willing free people” and homeless boyar children, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of Michael's reign, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the borders. “Regiments of the new system” (more correctly, “regiments of the foreign system”), military units formed in the 17th century. in Russia on the model of Western European armies. There were regiments of soldiers, dragoons and reiters. In peacetime, some of the regiments were disbanded. At the end of the 17th century. they made up over 1/2 of all troops and at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. were used to form the regular Russian army. Dragoons are a type of cavalry designed to operate both on horseback and on foot. Reitars are a type of cavalry that relied on firearms. At the beginning of the 18th century. The R. were driven out by dragoons and horse huntsmen

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Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov February 7, 1613 Zemsky
Was elected to the throne by the council
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Them
that was the beginning
new dynasty - dynasty
Romanovs.
Born July 12, 1596 in
Moscow. Son of boyar Fyodor
Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan
(later Patriarch Philaret) and
Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova
(later - nun Martha). At
his accession to the throne
turned 16 years old.
Election of Mikhail Fedorovich
the end of the Troubles was put
time.
19.02.2017

1613 -1645

Patriarch Filaret

First time on behalf of Mikhail
ruled by the king's mother and boyars
Saltykovs. In 1619 actual
became the ruler of the country
returned from Polish captivity and
father of the king, chosen by the patriarch,
Metropolitan Filaret.
In 1619-1633. It is the patriarch
Filaret actually led
state policy.
Being the parent of Sovereign Filaret
Romanov until the end of his life (1633)
was officially his co-ruler and
officially bore the title of "great
sovereign."
By upbringing and character he was a secular man; in fact
ecclesiastical and theological matters were poorly understood and controversial
questions to the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Estates-representative monarchy

The reign of Mikhail Romanov -
this is the heyday
activities of Zemsky Sobors and
Boyar Duma.
This meant establishing
Russia's estate-representative monarchy,
typical for most
Western European states.
Estate-representative
authorities made it legitimate
decisions of the royal authorities and
helped her to establish herself in
in the eyes of the people

Zemsky Sobors

Until 1622, Zemsky Sobors operated almost
continuously as an advisory body for
royal power. They resolve ongoing administrative
and financial issues. The royal power strives
rely on zemstvo councils when conducting
financial events: collection of “five money”,
restoration of the damaged economy, liquidation
consequences of the intervention and prevention of new
aggression from Poland
Zemsky Sobors essentially turned into organs
administrative power, in which great, even
representatives of the nobility played a decisive role and
townspeople.
At the same time, Zemsky Sobors did not limit, but
on the contrary, they strengthened the power of the monarch.

1613 -1645

Alexey Mikhailovich (1645-1676)

Distinguished, like his father, by gentleness,
meekness of character, he could
show temperament,
anger.
Its essential features were
decorum, meekness, good looks,
mercy, fear of God.
The combination of these features embodied
in his title "The Quietest"
During the reign of Alexei
Mikhailovich had to several
popular uprisings. With him
annexation took place
Left Bank Ukraine.

Strengthening the autocracy

Starting from the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich in
the development of Russian statehood began
absolutist tendencies prevail.
These trends are expressed in
political doctrines about the "enlightened" absolute
monarchy that can best provide
the highest good of all her subjects. Similar
doctrines closely tied economic
and political transformations, suggesting ways to
implementation.
Instead of the former “sovereign, king and grand duke
of all Rus'" he became the following: by God's grace
great sovereign, king and grand prince of all the Greats
and Little and White Russia autocrat. In the title
the idea of ​​divine origin was emphasized
royal power and its autocratic character.

Cathedral Code of 1649

The Council Code of 1649, which established
socio-economic shifts of the Russian
state, reflected the increased power
autocratic monarch.
Chapters 2 and 3 of the Code established
severe punishment for crimes,
directed against the personality of the king, his
honor, health, for crimes,
committed on the territory of the royal
palace All these crimes
were identified with those introduced for the first time in
the law of the Russian state with the concept
state crime.

Cathedral Code of 1649

The death penalty was established for direct intent (“evil
intent") against the life and health of the king, as well as for
detection of intent against the king and the state (rebellion,
treason, conspiracy).
Chapter 1 is devoted to protecting the interests of the church from “church
rebels", as well as the protection of nobles, even in cases
their murders of slaves and peasants.
On sharp social differentiation and protection
state of interests of the ruling class
evidenced by the difference in fines for “dishonor”:
peasant - 2 rubles, a walking person - 1 ruble, and persons
privileged classes up to 70-100 rubles.

Cathedral Code of 1649

Cathedral Code of 1649
finalized
serfdom -
eternal
hereditary dependence
peasants, “time work” was cancelled.
summer" to find runaway peasants,
for harboring fugitives
a high fine was imposed.
Landowner peasants were deprived
judicial law
representative offices for
property disputes.

Cathedral Code of 1649

The townspeople population (i.e. townspeople) was attached to
posads and was also subject to state taxes and
taxes. The search for fugitive townspeople was envisaged.
The cathedral code also eliminated the “white
settlements" - urban areas that belonged to secular
landowners or monasteries whose population
was exempted (“whitewashed”) from paying posad taxes
state taxes. On the liquidation of “white settlements”
insisted first of all by the townspeople, who carried more
heavy duties.

Cathedral Code of 1649

The punishment system in the Council Code looked like this:
way:
Death penalty (in 36 cases) - hanging, beheading,
quartering, burning (for religious matters and in relation to
arsonists), as well as “pouring hot iron into the throat” (for
counterfeiting).
Corporal punishment - divided into self-harm (cutting off
hands for theft, branding, cutting of nostrils, etc.) and painful
(beating with a whip or batogs).
Imprisonment from three days to life imprisonment.
Prison inmates fed themselves at the expense of relatives or alms.
Exile is a punishment for “high-ranking” persons. Was a consequence
opals.
“Deprivation of honor,” that is, deprivation of ranks or reduction in rank.
Fines - called "sale"
Confiscation of property
Purposes of punishment: deterrence, punishment and separation of the criminal from
environment (cutting off the nose, branding, cutting off an ear, etc.).

Cathedral Code of 1649

The Council Code of 1649, summarizing and absorbing
yourself prior experience in creating legal
norms, based on:
1. judges;
2. decree books of orders;
3. royal decrees;
4. Duma verdicts;
5. decisions of Zemsky Sobors (most of the articles
was compiled according to the petitions of the cathedral councils);
6. “Stoglav”
7. Lithuanian and Byzantine legislation;
8. new decree articles on “robberies and murders”
(1669), about estates and estates (1677), about
trade (1653 and 1677), which were included in
The Code was already after 1649.

Order of secret affairs.

Evidence of the growing power of the king by the middle of the 17th century
century was the creation of the Order of Secret Affairs. Back in the first
years of reign, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had with him
several clerks from the order of the Grand Palace for personal
correspondence.
This state at the end of 1654 or at the beginning of 1655 received
a certain organization of the Order of Secret Affairs - personal
office of the king, the body that allows the king to authorize
to do without the most important state issues
Boyar Duma.
The Order of Secret Affairs carried out investigations into
important state affairs. Some
researchers consider it the first
institutionalized intelligence service in Russia. Secret order
affairs was destroyed at the very beginning of Fedor's reign
Alekseevich.

"Name Decrees"

In legislative practice
activities of the Russian state
the concept of “nominal decree” appeared, i.e.
legislative act given only
tsar, without the participation of the Boyar Duma.
All nominal decrees were of the nature
minor acts of the supreme
management and court.

Voivodes

Changes have also occurred in the organization of local government:
power in the counties was concentrated in the hands of those appointed from the center
voivode The gradual collapse of the Gubna and Zemstvo begins
reforms of Ivan the Terrible
The local government system also retained a lot
archaic features. In some places where organs were preserved
local government, a peculiar
dual power, which prevented the execution of managerial
functions. Although, unlike the feeders, the activities
voivode was a service, not a reward, it was not
was paid for by the state. The voivode was supported by
of the local population as feeders in the beginning. XVI century
In 1679 local government finally passed into
a complete department of voivodes sent from Moscow, and all others
local positions, i.e. detectives, provincial elders and
clerks were cancelled.

"Shelves of the new system"

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the creation of regular
military units (1630s), “regiments of the new order”, rank and file
which consisted of “willing free people” and homeless children
boyars, the officers were foreign military specialists. Under
the end of Michael's reign arose cavalry dragoons
shelves for border protection.
“Regiments of the new system” (more correctly, “regiments of the foreign system”),
military units formed in the 17th century. in Russia according to the model
Western European armies. There were regiments of soldiers,
dragoon and reitar. In peacetime, some of the regiments were disbanded.
At the end of the 17th century. they made up over 1/2 of all troops and at the end of the 17th -
beginning of the 18th century were used to form a regular
Russian army.
Dragoons are a type of cavalry designed to act as
mounted and on foot.
Reitars are a type of cavalry in which the bet was made on
firearms. At the beginning of the 18th century. R. were driven out by dragoons
and horse huntsmen

• Teacher Zhilonene S.V.

• Smolensk War.
• Russian-Polish War 1654-1667
• Fight with Turkey.
• Development of Siberia.

• Determine the main directions of Russian foreign policy in the middle of the 17th century.
• What goals did our country pursue in each of these areas?

Smolensk War

At the end of the Time of Troubles, the Poles did not abandon their claims to the Russian throne. After the death of Sigismund III, “ruleslessness” began in the country and the Russians took advantage of this.

IN 1632 g. they approached Smolensk.

Wladyslaw came to power in Poland. He moved the army to Smolensk and surrounded the army of Mikhail Shein.

Shein turned to the Moscow authorities for help, but they refused.

Mikhail Shein - hero of Smolensk

Smolensk War

Shein, saving the troops, left banners and cannons to the Poles.

Upon returning to Moscow, he was arrested and executed.

But soon the Polyanovsky peace was signed.

Russia returned the occupied lands, and Vladislav renounced his claims to the Moscow throne.

Siege of Smolensk in 1633

Engraving from German

17th century drawing

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

In the middle of the 17th century. aggravated by tensions between Poland and Ukraine. The Zaporozhye Sich became the center of resistance.

In 1648 Cossacks elected Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky. But the Polish king refused to approve it.

This led to the outbreak of hostilities. In May, the Cossacks defeated Polish troops at Zhelty Vody and continued the attack.

Bogdan Khmelnitsky

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

A few days later the Poles were again defeated, this time at Korsunya .

The Polish king gathered a large army and marched against the Cossacks, but was defeated again in September.

IN December Cossacks entered Kyiv. Autumn 1649 The king sent 50 thousand soldiers against Khmelnitsky, but he concluded agreement with the Crimean Khan.

Bogdan Khmelnitsky enters Kyiv

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

During the battle, the Poles were defeated, but the khan took the Hetman away from the battlefield. As a result, it was signed

Treaty of Zborov:

• 40,000 Cossacks were included in the register and received a salary,
• Bratslav, Chernigov and Kyiv came under the rule of the hetman,
• The taken lands were returned to the Poles.

Polish-Ukrainian

war 1648-1653

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

IN 1651 the war resumed. Under Berestechkom The Poles defeated the Cossacks. By Peace of Belotserkov:

• the number of registered Cossacks was reduced to 20,000,
• Only Kyiv remained under the hetman's rule.

But the Polish Sejm refused to approve the agreement. The Ukrainians, lacking the strength to continue the struggle, turned to Russia for help.

Battle of Berestetsky

Such requests began in 1648, but Alexey Mikhailovich,

Fearing a war with Poland, he refused. But in 1653 g. he gathered to consider the request Zemsky Sobor and he gave his consent to the reunion.

8 January 1654 on Rada V Pereyaslavl The Cossacks also approved this agreement.

Pereyaslavl Rada

B 1 654 g. The Russian-Polish war began.

IN 1657 g. Khmelnitsky died and the new hetman Ivan Vygovsky concluded an agreement with the Poles, but the Ukrainian people did not support it.

As a result of the war, the parties were exhausted and in 1667 signed Truce of Andrusovo:

• The Left Bank went to Poland,
• Right Bank and Kyiv-Russia.

Fight with Turkey

Russia sought to reach the shores of the Black Sea.

Turks, concerned about reunification,

V 1678 g. moved to Chigrin and took possession of it.

But in the contract 1681 They recognized transition of the Left Bank to Russia.

IN 1684 anti-Turkish "Holy League"

Siege of Chigirin. Turkish siege guns are clearly visible

Fight with Turkey

IN 1686 Russia joined Austria, Venice and Poland after signing by Vasily Golitsyn "Eternal Peace" with Poland:

• the Poles recognized the Left Bank, Kyiv and the Zaporozhye Sich as Russia.

IN 1687 and 1689 Golitsin made unsuccessful trips to Crimea.

Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, boyar, prince, holder of the highest ranks and positions in the Russian state

Development of Siberia

In the middle of the 17th century. “eager people” began to go on “meeting the sun” hikes.

IN 1644-1646 gg. Vasily Poyarkov went down the Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and made a description of the river.

IN 1648 An expedition led from the Nizhnekolymsky fort to Anadyr Semyon Dezhnev.

Poyarkov Vasily Danilovich

Development of Siberia

Dezhnev's campaign

For the first time passing through the strait separating America from Asia, Dezhnev founded Anadyrsky fort.

In 1649-1653. as a result of Erofei's campaigns Khabarov and detailed Amur maps.

Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 g. established the borders between Russia and China.

• Smolensk War - causes, results
• How did the reunification of Ukraine with Russia happen?
• Results of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667
• List the main stages of the fight against Turkey.
• Name the main discoverers of Siberia.

This material may be intended for extracurricular activity, dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty or for lessons in grades 7 and 10 on the topic “The Troubles.” The presentation provides information about the Romanov family from the moment of their appearance in Russian lands until the accession of Michael in 1613. Particular attention is paid to him and his parents during the Time of Troubles and at the time of his election. The Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov to the throne, is rarely examined in detail. It also shows all the battles of the struggle for the empty throne.

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1 slide

The purpose of our work: to tell about the representatives of the ancient boyar family of the Romanovs and to show the reasons for the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom in 1613.

2 slide

In Russia this year the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty is widely celebrated.

At the beginning of 1613, 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the kingdom.

For the next three hundred years, Russian history was inextricably linked with the Romanov dynasty. Under her leadership, we faced an imperial rise and a complete collapse of the monarchy and statehood...

3 slide

According to family tradition, the ancestors of the Romanovs left for Rus' “from Prussia” at the beginning of the 14th century.

The first reliable ancestor of the Romanovs is Andrei Kobyla, a boyar of the Moscow prince Simeon the Proud. His father Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, arrived in Russia. Some historians believe that the Romanovs came from Novgorod.

4 slide

The descendants of Fyodor Koshka began to be called Koshkins. The children of Zakhary Koshkin became the Koshkins-Zakharyins, and the grandchildren simply became the Zakharyins. From Yuri Zakharyevich came the Zakharyins-Yuryevs.

The first of the family to bear the surname “Romanov” was Fyodor Nikitich (aka Patriarch Filaret).

Thanks to the marriage of Ivan the Terrible to Anastasia Zakharyina, the Zakharyin-Yuryev family became close to the royal court, and after the suppression of the Rurikovich dynasty they began to lay claim to the throne.

The eldest daughter of Prince Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky (a descendant of A. Nevsky's brother Andrei Yaroslavovich), Evdokia, was married to Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin, the grandfather of Tsar Mikhail, which gave the Romanovs some reason to trace their ancestry to Rurik.

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The future first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail, was born in 1596 into the family of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova. Fyodor Nikitich occupied a prominent position at court, since he was Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty, and a cousin (his father, Nikita Romanovich Yuryev, was the brother of Tsarina Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan IV).

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Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich died childless. In the absence of direct heirs, the throne should have been transferred to the closest relative. And in this case there were several of them, including Fyodor Nikitich Romanov. But the choice was already determined. It fell on Boris Godunov, the brother of Tsar Feodor's wife, Tsarina Irina, who renounced the throne. Godunov had long been the de facto ruler of the country.

He, realizing the precariousness of his power, therefore decided to get rid of possible rivals in advance. In 1600, he put all the Romanovs in disgrace. Most of them died. Mikhail was separated from his mother and father at the age of 4.

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The fate of little Mikhail changed with the beginning of the short reign of False Dmitry I. He returned from exile and brought all the relatives of Tsar Fedor, including the Romanovs, closer to him. In Moscow, 9-year-old Mikhail met with his parents.

When False Dmitry was killed and Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne.

The country was soon divided: some were for Tsar Vasily, others were for False Dmitry II - the “Tushinsky thief”. Mikhail and his mother lived in Moscow. His father ended up on the side of False Dmitry.

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Tsar Vasily was overthrown from the throne in the summer of 1610, False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was killed at the end of 1610.

Slide 9

The Moscow throne turned out to be empty. The “Seven Boyars” that came to power began searching for contenders and settled on the figure of Vladislav, the son of the Polish king.

An embassy headed by Filaret (Fyodor Romanov) left for Smolensk to negotiate with the Polish king. Negotiations have reached a dead end. Sigismund III arrested the members of the embassy and sent them to Poland. Filaret was captured for almost ten years.

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At this extremely difficult time for Russia, its society decided to become confused by the authorities. The troops of the First Militia in 1611, created in Ryazan, entered Moscow and besieged the Kremlin, where the government of the “Seven Boyars” and their Polish allies were located. Among the besieged were Mikhail and his mother. This was another test that befell him. The siege was long, food supplies in the Kremlin dried up. Many began to die of hunger.

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Only in November 1612 did the troops of the Second Militia liberate the Kremlin. Mikhail and his mother got the opportunity to go to their patrimony - s. Domnino near Kostroma. Then, due to the threat of attack by Polish troops, they moved to the Ipatiev Monastery.

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Immediately after the liberation of Moscow, the provisional government of Dmitry Trubetskoy and Dmitry Pozharsky began preparing the Electoral Zemsky Sobor. Summons were sent to cities and regions of Russia calling for ten “best, strongest and most intelligent” people from each city to be sent to Moscow.

Slide 13

The electors came from fifty cities of Russia that responded to the invitation to participate in the royal elections. A stage of political struggle awaited them in Moscow. There were many candidates for the Russian throne, and the deputies were torn apart by supporters of different parties.

Slide 14

Through negotiations, it was possible to include in the list of candidates for the royal election in proportion both the figures of the Seven Boyars (princes Fyodor Mstislavsky and Ivan Vorotynsky, Ivan Romanov, Fyodor Sheremetyev) and the leaders of the Zemsky militia - princes Dmitry Trubetskoy and Dmitry Pozharsky, Ivan Cherkassky, Pyotr Pronsky.

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In addition to those mentioned above, princes are also mentioned as contenders - Polish Vladislav and Swedish Philip-Charles (after the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky, Sweden captured the northwestern lands of Rus', including Novgorod), as well as Ivan, the young son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II.

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A sharp struggle immediately broke out around the candidacy of the future tsar at the Council. At the insistence of representatives of the nobility, townspeople and peasants, it was decided very quickly: “Neither a Polish prince, nor a Swedish one, nor any other German faith and from any non-Orthodox states should be chosen for the Moscow state and Marinka’s son would not be wanted.”

Slide 17

Of the 8 candidates for kings nominated on behalf of the boyars, only two active participants in the fight against the Poles in the ranks of the first and second militias, princes D. Trubetskoy and D. Pozharsky, could actually lay claim to the Russian throne.

The candidacy of Mikhail Romanov still had few supporters.

18 slide

In order not to disperse forces, it was decided to organize a rally in support of the main candidate from the militias - Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy.

The highest hierarchs of the church were the first to put their paintings on the letter of grant to the boyar. Following them, it was signed by the leaders of the united militia, including princes Pozharsky and Pronsky. However, when it was the turn of the ordinary members of the Zemsky Sobor, they flatly refused to put their signatures on the conciliar charter.

Slide 19

As a result, none of the candidates proposed by the council received the required majority of votes, and the plan for the tsar’s election, thought out to the smallest detail, failed.

The progress of the cathedral was clearly beyond the control of its organizers. According to established practice, under these conditions, the decision on the issue of the tsar's election inevitably had to be taken to the streets of Moscow, where the influence of the Cossacks participating in the militia was strong.

20 slide

And here, unexpectedly, the candidacy of Mikhail Romanov began to come to the fore.

He was supported by a boyar group of relatives of the future tsar.

His candidacy was also supported by minor figures from the previously defeated boyar groups.

For the Cossacks and the common people, Mikhail Romanov was the only nobleman of this rank in Russia at that time who had not compromised himself in any way. Neither service to the Poles, nor constant oaths to various rulers of that era.

The boyars, who hoped to retain power and influence under the young tsar, did not object to this candidacy. “Misha Romanov is young, his mind has not yet reached him, and he will be familiar to us.”

21 slides

Our prominent historians have expressed similar thoughts. V. O. Klyuchevsky explained this election as follows: “Mikhail himself, a 16-year-old boy who did not stand out in any way, could have little ambition for the throne, and, however, such forces hostile to each other as the nobility and the Cossacks came together on him.” .

Indeed, to consolidate the country, restore public order, what was needed was not bright personalities, but people capable of calmly and persistently pursuing conservative policies.

22 slide

In a relatively short period of time, his government decided the most difficult tasks: reconciled warring factions, repelled attacks of interventionists, returned some primordially Russian lands, concluded peace treaties with neighbors, and established economic life in the country.

The 300-year reign of the dynasty began, with which Russia reached enormous heights. Became a world power. Won many military victories, turned into an Empire...

But all the achievements were crossed out in 1917...

If we found ourselves in a time machine, then what should we go to change: our choice is in 1613 or 1917???