Designing standards for time and labor costs. Features of standardization of organization and remuneration of labor for various types of production Design of the full amount of time spent
NOT solves 3 main problems: economic, psychophysical, social. The solution to an economic problem involves the introduction of NOT, which contributes to the most complete implementation of material and technical resources, and ensures an increase in the efficiency of living labor. Ultimately, NOT is aimed at increasing labor productivity. Psychophysiology: creating the most favorable conditions to ensure the preservation of human health and performance. Social - education of a creative active worker in the process of labor.
1-development and implementation of rational forms, division and cooperation of labor (this direction involves improving the technical and professional qualification development of labor, taking into account the current level of technology development, cultural and technical level of work, as well as the introduction of rational forms of labor organization, combination of professions, etc. .).
2-Improving the organization of selection of training and advanced training of personnel (career guidance, vocational selection and adaptation of workers at the enterprise. Ensuring personnel training in accordance with the needs of the enterprise, improving the form and methods of training).
3- Improving the organization and maintenance of work places. A rational layout of work places is presented, providing them with the necessary equipment.
4- Improving labor standards, introducing labor standards.
5- Improving remuneration and labor incentives, development and implementation of progressive remuneration systems, bonuses and forms of moral encouragement.
6- Improving working conditions. Mechanization of heavy manual work, elimination of production hazards and stress. Application of rational work and rest regimes.
7-Strengthening labor discipline and nurturing a creatively active worker in the labor process.
Designing labor cost standards for manual and mechanized processes
General concept for designing labor standards:
1- the development of labor standards is based on the general qualification of the elements of working time costs, while the labor standard includes only standardized, normative working time costs for work done, technological breaks and rest, and personal needs.
2- the main source for draft labor standards is regulatory observations.
The 3-final result of the design is a draft of a separate production standard for the work process, which is drawn up in the form of a paragraph of the new standard or as an addition to the paragraph of the current standard; all calculations and justifications are explained in the form of an explanatory note which consists of an introductory part and a number of sections corresponding to the sequence of stages of development of the standards .
In the introductory part:
Characteristics of the enterprise where the research is being conducted - the purpose of the research, the date of its conduct
Methods and accuracy of accounting, time spent, number of required observations and their total duration.
The main meter of this process is a brief description of the process under study
Nomenclature of its elements.
Description of influencing factors with the necessary diagrams, drawings, sketches.
Standard design:
Calculations of indicator environments for elements of operational work.
The coefficient of transition to the main measuring process.
A synthesis of labor costs is carried out according to the elements of operational work, the justification of all other elements of standard costs and the number of qualified personnel of the performer. The conclusion provides the results of testing the new standard in production conditions.
Design of standard cost elements. NT development is carried out on the basis of the scheme
Labor costs for performing elements of operational work can be determined on the basis of two methods, analytical studies and analytical calculations
Synthesis of labor costs of operational work is labor costs by elements of operational work in the work process.
7. Organization of labor standards
Currently, industry systematically uses labor standards established using an analytical method, which is based on the study of the nature and amount of working time costs, which makes it possible to establish its actual costs for performing individual work techniques, work operations and processes. The analytical method of standardization allows us to identify and eliminate the causes of lost working time, delve into the technology of working techniques in order to introduce the best of them, and find optimal forms of division of labor.
The scientific system for studying time costs, aimed at designing labor cost standards (production standards) and measures to improve the use of working time, forms a special discipline - technical labor regulation.
Ore cost standards, established analytically, are based on rational technology of the production process, scientific organization of labor at a given workplace and provide for the most efficient use of means of production and working time.
Such standards are called technically justified, and since they focus on advanced work experience and the latest achievements of science and technology, they are also called progressive.
Among the technically justified time (production) standards, a distinction is made between primary and generalized standards.
The primary standard is the one first developed for a given process in the production conditions of a particular organization.
A generalized norm is a norm developed on the basis of primary norms that have been tested in the production conditions of a number of organizations and approved as a specific regulatory document (for example, ENiR, VNiR, MNiR, TNiR).
7.1 Types of regulatory observations
The methods of technical standardization are based on normative observations of workers, units or teams of workers performing the production process, and the operation of machines and mechanisms.
Regulatory observation is a one-time (lasting at least half a shift) study of the production process, consisting of the following work:
1) Description of the process characteristics.
2) Measurements of workers' working time or machine use time.
3) Measurements of products produced during observation.
4) Primary processing of observation results.
Technical standardization has traditional methods for studying working time costs. The structural diagram of the classification of the main types of normative observations of labor processes is shown in Figure 7.1. These primarily include photo accounting, timing and technical accounting (technical accounting).
Figure 7.1 – Classification of main types
normative observations
Photo accounting is a type of regulatory observation used for continuous measurements (at current time) of all types of time spent during production processes.
Photo recording is the most common method of normative observations. With its help, working time costs are studied with recording accuracy from 5 seconds to 1 minute.
Based on the method of observing and recording current time, photo recording is divided into graphic, mixed and digital, and based on the nature of observations - into individual and group.
Graphic and mixed photo accounting are used for observations when the accuracy of time measurement up to 0.5 minutes is sufficient. Time spent is recorded on special forms using straight line segments related to the corresponding process elements.
Graphic photo accounting allows you to record data on time consumption for process elements in the technological sequence of their implementation for each performer separately. The quantity of products produced for each work operation and for the observed process as a whole is also consistently recorded. In addition, graphic photo accounting is used when monitoring the use of time by machines, machinists or workers working individually (welder, glazier, fitter, etc.). The peculiarity of graphic photo accounting is that the time spent by each performer is recorded with separate lines of different colors. The recording is made on a FG form, which has a grid with 60 divisions, each of which corresponds to one minute.
Mixed photo accounting is the most universal form of time cost accounting. Its essence lies in the fact that the time during which individual elements of the process under study are carried out is depicted by segments of straight lines, as in graphic photo accounting, and the number of workers involved in the implementation of each element is indicated by a number placed above the segment at its starting point. The volume of completed products is recorded similarly to photographic and graphic accounting. This photo recording method is used when simultaneously monitoring the work of a group of workers, as well as the operation of a machine. The time is recorded on the FS form. Considering that the forms of the FG and FS forms are similar, it is allowed to use the FGS form (graphic and mixed photo accounting) for these two types of photo accounting.
Digital photo accounting is used for standardization of processes that require high accuracy of time recording or are divided into numerous elements. The number of observed workers in this case is usually no more than two. Time recording accuracy is 5 seconds. Records are kept on form C.
With individual photo recording, the time and production of each worker are separately recorded during the observation process. In group photo accounting, observation is carried out of the work of a unit or team.
Timing is the study of the duration of elements of the main work of workers and machines, that is, mechanized cyclical and non-cyclical processes. The duration of process elements is usually measured using a stopwatch, taking into account the time spent with an accuracy of 1 second, and in necessary cases - up to 0.2 seconds.
There are two ways to measure time during timing: continuous (continuous) and selective. The most common is the selective method, used to standardize cyclical processes with frequently repeated elements.
Continuous timing is carried out with recording of the time of execution of work operations in their technological sequence on the C form with a recording accuracy of 0.2 to 1 second. The technique for filling out the C form is the same as for digital photo registration. Continuous timing is used to study non-cyclical processes performed by one machine or one or two workers.
Selective timing is based on the study of some elements of the process that interest the observer. In this case, the researcher does not record the current time, but the duration of individual operations in a sequence convenient for him. Sample timing is more often used to study mechanized cyclic processes. The duration of one sample timing usually does not exceed two to three hours. This method is simple and accurate. The time is recorded on the XB form with an accuracy of 0.2 to 1 second.
Technical accounting is a visual observation of an enlarged range of elements (with the division of all time costs into two groups - standardized and non-standardized costs), characterized by a group recording of time and labor costs with an accuracy of time recording of 5-10 minutes. In this case, the time spent is recorded graphically, and the number of workers is noted in numbers. Products are measured on the main work process meter at the end of observation. Considering all of the above, technical accounting should be used only to check the level of compliance with standards.
7.2 Organization of preparation for the event
Regulatory observations
Organizational and preparatory work before conducting regulatory observations includes the following stages:
1) Organization of the research group.
2) Preliminary familiarization with the process under study.
3) Establishing process norms.
4) Selecting an object of observation and introducing the necessary clarifications into the organization of the process.
5) Selecting the type of normative observation, determining the number and duration of observations.
6) Dividing the process into elements, establishing fixing points and units of measurement for the production of each element and the process as a whole.
Mandatory sources of information that are subject to preliminary study by the research team include the relevant GOSTs, SNiPs, technical conditions (TU) for the production and acceptance of work, catalogs of machinery and equipment, work projects (PPR) and working drawings, labor protection rules, technological maps , production standards and prices for similar work, tariff and qualification reference books, etc.
Obtaining high-quality initial data largely depends on the correct establishment of the norm of the labor process, which is an integral part of the norm and the standard for choosing an object of normative observations.
Process normal is a set of the most important factors and conditions for the production process. It must be installed taking into account the following requirements:
1) Compliance of the organization of labor and production with the modern level of development of equipment and technology.
2) Full and effective use of mechanization and automation tools designed to implement the regulated process.
3) Compliance of materials, products, parts and structures with the requirements of SNiP, GOST, local and regional technical conditions (TU) for the production and acceptance of work, technology of this process.
4) Full compliance with occupational health and safety regulations.
5) Full coverage by regulatory observations of all work included in the process under study.
6) Ensuring the production of high-quality products.
7) Compliance of the qualifications of workers performing the process under study with the level of complexity of its constituent operations.
The process chosen as the object of observation must comply with the accepted norm and be carried out under real production conditions. In case of deviation of the actual conditions of the process from the accepted norm, appropriate organizational and technical measures must be planned and implemented to optimize the object of observation.
The type of regulatory supervision is chosen based on the characteristics of the technology and organization of the regulated process.
All non-cyclical processes, as well as cyclic ones with a cycle duration of 5 minutes or more, are more appropriate to study using photo recording (graphic, mixed or digital).
Cyclic processes with a small proportion of non-cyclic elements (up to 20% of the total labor intensity of the process) are recommended to be investigated using timing (cyclic part) and photo accounting (non-cyclic part).
When conducting any type of regulatory observations, the process under study must be divided into component elements in the technological sequence of their implementation.
When dividing a process into elements, you need to carefully ensure that the nomenclature of elements takes into account absolutely all the work operations planned for study, listed in the process normal.
It is necessary to break down the process into elements in such a way as to obtain a range of elements that provide maximum convenience for measuring primary production.
When studying mechanized processes, observations can be carried out both separately on the operation of the machine and the work of workers, and jointly. But in any case, separate nomenclatures of the elements of the machine’s work and the elements of the work of the process performers working with the help of this machine must be compiled. It is impossible to create a mixed nomenclature of elements of a mechanized process.
At the same stage of preparation for observation, fixation points are determined that indicate the boundaries of each element (operation) of the labor process under study. Signs for determining a fixation point can be established by a clear visual perception of the beginning and end of a particular element of the process.
Before conducting any regulatory observation, it is necessary to draw up a process characteristic - an accurate description of all the organizational and technical conditions in which the labor process under study is carried out. The characteristics should be brief, but comprehensively reflect the content and all the features of the implementation of the production process under study.
To describe the characteristics of the process, a special HP form is intended, filled out for each observation separately.
After all organizational and preparatory activities have been completed, regulatory observations begin.
7.3 Primary processing of regulatory results
observations
7.3.1 Non-cyclical processes
Primary processing of the results of regulatory observations of a non-cyclical process, performed using graphic, mixed or digital photo accounting, consists of two stages:
1) Preliminary calculation of labor or time costs and products for each element of the process and for the observation period as a whole (based on FGS or C forms).
2) Transferring the results of measuring labor or time, as well as the results of measuring products for all process elements recorded during observations onto a special ON form (processing the results of observations of non-cyclical processes) and counting the amount of products completed for process elements in 60 minutes.
The duration of one observation of non-cyclical processes should be at least half a shift. Therefore, hourly entries on FGS forms and several C forms always require intermediate calculations to transfer the data to the ON form. These intermediate or preliminary calculations consist of summing up all labor costs for each element of the process and the time of regulated breaks for the entire observation period.
After making preliminary calculations, you can proceed to filling out the OH form.
Filling out the OH form is done as follows. At the beginning, the names of all elements of the process under study are entered. Their location in the corresponding column of the form is always carried out in a certain technological sequence corresponding to the established process normal. After this, a group of operational work elements is emphasized, and the results of calculations of the time spent on it are indicated under the line.
Then, separate lines record the time spent on preparatory and final work, technological breaks and rest (including costs for personal needs). A group of elements of normalized time expenditure is underlined and their total amount is written under the line.
Next, the time spent on unforeseen and unnecessary work, downtime due to poor work organization and for random reasons, and breaks due to violations of labor discipline are recorded. A group of elements of non-standardized time expenditure is underlined and their total amount is written under the line.
Below this subtotal, a line is again drawn, under which the total amount of time spent on all elements of the labor process under study is recorded.
7.3.2 Cyclic processes
When processing the results of observations of cyclic processes, standard series of time expenditure values for each element and the cycle as a whole are obtained from the completed CV forms. The number of values in the rows corresponds to the number of observed cycles.
The purpose of the initial processing of the results of observations of cyclic processes is to obtain average values for a cleaned and improved series.
Processing of the normative series consists of the following stages:
1) Grouping in ascending order of time expenditure values obtained from observations for each element of the process under study.
2) Analysis and basic cleaning of series by eliminating values that are not related to the established normal.
3) Inspecting rows using mathematical methods and, if necessary, cleaning rows.
4) Determination of average values from cleaned series.
When checking and clearing series from random deviating values, methods of mathematical statistics are used.
First of all, the coefficient of scattering of the series is determinedKp according to the formula:
font-size:16.0pt">where up- maximum value of the series;
a1- minimum value of the series.
If the received value TO rdoes not exceed 1.3, this means that the row does not require cleaning. If TO r> 1.3, but not more than 2.0, the limit value method must be used to check the series. If K p> 2.0, the series is checked using the mean square error method.
Testing a series using the method of limit values involves comparing the extreme values of the ordered series under study ( a1 And up) with maximum permissible values and deciding on the possibility of saving the tested values in the series.
To do this, first determine the permissible largest and smallest values of the series using the following formulas:
EN-US style="font-size:16.0pt"">font-size:16.0pt">where ∑ A i - the sum of all values of the series being checked;
up- the highest value of the series;
n - number of values in a row;
TOlim- coefficient depending on the number of values in the series, determined from reference data.
a1- the smallest value of the series;
a2And ap-1- respectively the second and penultimate members of the ordered series;
Checking a series using the relative mean square error method consists of determining the value of the actual relative mean square error and comparing the obtained value with the acceptable one. This method is used to evaluate the standard series when Kr > 2.
Actual relative mean square error Eotn(%) of the series being checked is determined by the formula:
font-size:16.0pt">The permissible relative mean square error is 7% for cyclic processes containing up to five cyclic operations, and 10% for cyclic processes containing more than five cyclic operations.
7.4 Design of labor cost standards for workers
Designing a technically justified standard consists of developing a process standard, calculating various elements of standardized labor costs (for operational and preparatory-final work), determining standards for regulated breaks in work, the full amount of labor costs, and designing the composition of a team of workers.
Designing a normal production process involves selecting the best values of influencing factors. The standards are drawn up in the form of technological maps, which reflect all the basic organizational and technical conditions necessary to comply with the standards.
Designing standards for labor costs for operational work consists of determining, on the basis of data from normative observations that have undergone primary processing, the values of labor costs for the elements of the process under study.
As a result of the initial processing of observation data, average indicators of the volumes of completed primary production are established for all elements of the process under study. Labor costs and volumes of primary production are determined using element meters.
The amount of labor costs for the entire work process as a whole is determined by bringing the labor costs from the element production meters to the main work process product measure and summing up these labor costs.
Bringing labor costs to the main measure of the process under study is called synthesis of standards.
An example of the simplest synthesis of norms are cases when the production meters of all elements correspond to the main product measure of the process. In such cases, labor costs for a work process are determined by simply summing the labor costs for the elements of this process.
More difficult is the synthesis of norms when the product measures of the elements are different and do not correspond to the product measure of the process as a whole. In such cases, the calculation of labor costs for the main work process meter is carried out by multiplying the labor costs in the element meters by the transition coefficients, followed by summing the resulting values.
Conversion rate TO n is a number that shows how many units of production in the element meter are contained in a unit of production expressed in the main meter of the entire process.
The value of the coefficient TO ndetermined by the formula:
font-size:16.0pt">where Vuh- volume of production in the element meter;
Vn- volume of finished products of the process.
Standard value of labor costs for operational work N O. r.determined by summing up labor costs for each elementt i , multiplied by the corresponding transition coefficient TO n i :
font-size:16.0pt">The rate of time spent on preparatory and final workt PZRdesigned, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift, task). Separate standards for time spent on preparatory and final work are contained in the relevant reference materials.
Designing standards for regulated breaks consists of determining the time spent on technological breaks in work, rest and personal needs of workers.
The amount of time spent on technological breakst tp, associated with the features of the regulated production process, are usually established as a result of the analysis of data from regulatory observations of a properly organized process.
For a team consisting of two to five people, the standard value of a technological break is determined in the following order:
1) Calculate the average value of technological breaks according to regulatory observationsttp(wed).
2) The resulting valuettp(wed)compared with the corresponding maximum permissible value given in the reference materials.
Designing norms for spending time on rest and personal needst olnrepresents an accounting of excess time for the natural need for rest. The value of the norm for time spent on rest and personal needs of workers is taken into account the results of regulatory observations of a properly organized process, taking into account reference data.
The full value of the labor cost norm N h. T.to carry out a specific production process, measured in man-hours, includes the amount of costs for elements of operational work, for preparatory and final work, technological breaks, as well as for rest and personal needs:
font-size:16.0pt">where N O. r.– labor costs for operational work, calculated for the main process meter, man-minutes;
tPZR– standard for preparatory and final work, % of the standard labor costs;
toln– standard for rest and personal needs, % of the standard labor costs;
ttp– design value of technological breaks, % of the norm of labor costs;
60 is the conversion factor from man-minutes to man-hours.
Designing the composition of a worker level involves determining the professions, categories and number of workers performing a given production process. When rationing individual work processes, the profession and category of the worker are established in accordance with the characteristics of the work given in the current tariff and qualification reference books (TKS). When rationing processes consisting of operations, the implementation of which requires different qualifications of workers, and sometimes different professions, the composition of a unit is designed, containing a certain number of workers for each profession and category separately.
A properly designed composition of a worker unit must meet two basic requirements:
1) Even distribution of workload throughout the entire shift.
2) Performing work in accordance with profession and qualifications.
7.5 Design of computer time standards
Designing machine time standards includes the following steps:
1) Process normal design.
2) Determination of the calculated productivity of the machine for 1 hour of continuous operation.
3) Determination of the amount of regulated breaks in machine operation.
4) Calculation of the full value of the machine time norm.
5) Calculation of the composition of workers servicing the machine.
The machine time standards take into account the following categories of its costs: work under full load, work under a reasonably reduced (incomplete) load, unavoidable idle work and regulated breaks.
The time spent on the operation of the machine and the workers servicing it can be divided into the following parts:
1) Teamwork of workers and machines.
2) Machine operation without the participation of workers.
3) Independent work of workers.
4) Technological interruptions in the work of workers.
5) Technological interruptions in machine operation. 18
Lecture No. 21.doc
Lecture No. 21
Topic: System of norms and standards in construction.Plan:
The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Basic concepts of labor standards.
Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationships.
Workers' working hours.
Observation standards and their processing.
1. The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Labor organization– this is bringing people’s work activities into a certain system.
NOT– scientific organization of labor is bringing people’s work activities into a certain system with a scientific approach.
The organization of labor within the work collective is organized system of use living labor which provides functioning of the labor force in order to achieve the beneficial effect of work activity.
Any work, regardless of its social form, requires a certain organization within each association of workers.
Such an organization offers selection and professional personnel training, development of methods, with the help of which this or that type of work can be performed:
A) separation and cooperation of labor in a team;
b) arrangement workers in accordance with the nature of the tasks facing them;
V) organization of workplaces for each employee to perform the functions assigned to him;
G) creation of working conditions providing the opportunity to carry out work activities, establishing for employees a certain measure of labor through rationing, which makes it possible to achieve the necessary quantitative proportions between different types of labor in accordance with the nature and volume of work, organizing wages, establishing discipline labor ensuring the necessary order and consistency in work.
^ The task of labor organization is to rationally use living labor on the one hand, and tools and objects of labor on the other.
The main provisions for labor organization are regulated by SNIP 03.01.01-85* “Organization of construction production.”
1. The organization of workers' labor must ensure an increase in labor productivity, high quality of construction and installation work performed and safe working conditions.
2. The organization of labor should be based on rational forms of division of labor and labor cooperation, differentiation of labor processes, and the use of advanced methods and techniques of labor.
3. The main form of organizing the work of workers should be a brigade form, with the brigade being divided, if necessary, into specialized units of workers.
4. The organization of workers' labor must ensure:
Application of high-performance methods and techniques of work in accordance with the work plans, technological maps and maps of labor processes;
Timely provision of work scope to each brigade with uninterrupted provision of workplaces with material and technical resources and the necessary amount of technical equipment;
Expanding the use of team contracting;
Labor protection for workers must ensure the implementation of measures for the individual and collective protection of workers;
Sanitary conditions must comply with current standards and the nature of the work;
Workers must be provided with the necessary working conditions, food and rest.
^
2. Basic concepts of labor standards.
2.1. Types of production standards in construction
The system of production standards in construction consists of unified, departmental, local and standard standards.
Unified standards and prices(ENiR) are developed for construction, installation and repair work carried out at all construction sites in the country using the same (or similar) technology in the same (or similar) working and production conditions. For special construction, installation and repair work not covered by the EniR collections, carried out at construction sites of individual ministries and departments, departmental norms and prices (VNiR).
For individual construction, installation and repair work not covered by ENiR and VNiR, as well as for work performed using more advanced technology than provided for in the corresponding collection of ENiR or VNiR, local norms and prices (MNiR).
Typical norms and prices (TNiR) are developed for new construction, installation and repair work that is not included in the existing ENIR and VNiR assemblers, carried out using standard technology and under standard conditions.
Table
^
Types of norms and standards developed in construction
| Name of norms and standards | Symbol | Dimension and designation |
| Standard time | Nvr | Hours per unit of finished (final) product |
| Labor cost rate | NZT | Man-hours per unit of finished (final) product |
| Production rate | Nvir | In physical units per worker (link, team) per hour or shift (m/h, m/cm, etc.) |
| Standard time for using construction machines | Machine hours, per unit of finished (final) product |
|
| Performance standards for construction machines | Npr | In physical units per machine (set of machines) per hour or shift |
^ 2.2. Designing labor cost standards for workers
Designing a technically sound standard begins with drawing up a process standard and calculating various elements of standardized time expenditure: for operational work; for preparatory and final work; for regulated breaks in work; to the full value of the labor cost norm; for designing the composition of the unit. Designing the normal construction process involves selecting optimal values of influencing factors. Standards are drawn up in the form of technological maps, which reflect the organizational and technical conditions necessary to meet or exceed the standards.
Designing labor cost standards for operational work (main and auxiliary) consists in determining reasonable costs for elements of the main and auxiliary work based on regulatory observation data in accordance with the established norms of the construction process. The norm of labor costs for preparatory and final work (PZR) is designed, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift or task).
Designing standards for time spent on technological breaks (regulated breaks) consists of determining the absolute values of costs for technological breaks in work, rest and personal needs of workers. The standard value for time spent on technological breaks associated with the features of the regulated construction process is usually established as a result of an analysis of regulatory observations of a properly organized process.
Designing norms for spending time on rest and personal needs represents an accounting of excess time for the natural need for rest. The amount of costs for rest and personal needs of workers is taken according to standards that are established as a result of regulatory observations, or according to tables of standards. Standards for rest and personal needs are given as a percentage of the standard labor costs or the standard time, depending on the profession of the workers and the type of work.
Designing the full value of the labor cost rate . The full value of the labor cost standard includes the following costs: the sum of costs for elements of operational work, for preparatory and final work, for technological breaks and costs for rest and personal needs, obtained as a result of processing and analysis of normative observations.
The full value of the norm of labor costs (Nzt) is calculated using the formula:
NZT =Nor* 100
* 60
where Nor -
labor costs for operational work, calculated for the main process meter, person-min; Npzr -
standard for labor costs, percentage of labor cost standards; But -
design value of rest, percentage of labor cost norm; Ntp -
design value of technological breaks, percentage of labor cost norms; 60 - conversion factor 1 person - min per 1 person - hour.
Workforce design provides for the determination of professions, categories and numbers of those workers who must carry out the construction process. When rationing individual work processes performed by one worker, his profession and category are established in accordance with the characteristics of the work given in the current unified tariff and qualification reference book (UTKS). When rationing processes consisting of work operations, the implementation of which requires different qualifications, and sometimes different professions of workers, the composition of the unit is designed, indicating the number of workers for each profession and their ranks.
^
3. Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationships.
The standard time NVR is the amount of time required for a worker to perform the corresponding profession and qualify a unit of good-quality products under normal organizational and technical conditions. Workers' work progress and work knowledge for the corresponding processes are interconnected:
Nvr =NZT , Nzt = Nvr * nsv.
nsv
For one worker NVR
corresponds to NZT.
Example: Installing one panel requires 0.75 hours with a team of 4 people. The rate of labor costs will be: Nzt = Nvr * nzv = 0.75 * 4 = 3 (person-hours).
^ Labor cost rate (NZt) - established labor intensity or amount of labor expended person - hour
(unit of measure.prod.)
A worker of the appropriate profession and qualifications to perform a unit of good-quality products under normal organizational and technical conditions.
^ Production rate (Nvyr) - the amount of good-quality products that a worker of the corresponding profession and qualification must produce under normal organizational and technical conditions per unit of time (hour, day, shift).
There is a distinction between the production rate of one worker and the production rate of a team or unit. All norms are interconnected.
For one worker Nvyr =t cm.
Nvr
From the formula you can determine:
Nvyr * Nvr = tcm, Nvr =t
cm
Nvyr.
For a unit (brigade) Nvyr =t
cm *
n
sound
NZT
Where Nvir- production rate per worker; tcm- duration of the shift in hours.
Example: determine the production rate Nvyr for a mason per shift on the laying of external brick walls with jointing at Nzt = 3.7 person-h/m 3, t = 8 hours.
Nvyr =t cm * n sound, Nvyr in cm =8 * 1 = 2.16 (m 3 /cm),
NZT 3.7
Nvyr in h =1 * 1 = 0.27 (m 3 /h).
3,7
Based on the connection between NZT And Nvir you can derive a formula to determine the magnification Nvyr (Y 1
)
as a percentage when decreasing NZT (X 1
)
in percentage.
Y 1 = 100X 1
100 – X 1,
Example: determine the percentage increase in Nvir with a decrease NZT by 10%. Solution: Y 1
= 100 * 10
= 11%.
100 - 10
^
Determining the percentage of reduction in Nvir with an increase in Nzt
Y 2 = 100X 2
100+X 2
Where X 2
- percentage increase in the rate of labor costs; Y 2
- percentage reduction in production rate:
X 1 = (Kf - 100), if Kf>100,
X 2
= 100 - Kf, if Kf<100 .
Actual level of fulfillment of production standards (Kf) defined:
Kf =NZT 100%
Where NZT And FZT- standard and actual labor costs.
^
4. Working hours of workers.
4.1. Concept of workers' working time
In accordance with Art. 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, working time is the time during which an employee, in accordance with the labor regulations of the organization and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties. Normal working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week. Lunch break time is not included in working hours.
^ 4.2. Classification of workers' working time
Classification of workers' working time (WWT) is carried out for various purposes. For the purpose of research and study of working time costs, a classification has been adopted in economics. The following classification is used.
WITH 
classification scheme for elements of working time costs in order to establish standards
To identify PBP losses, the following classification is used: 
^
Classification of worker time to identify losses
5. Observation standards and their processing.
5.1. Concept and types of normative observations
^
Regulatory observation is a one-time (lasting at least half a shift) study of the construction and installation process.
As a result of regulatory observations, indicators of labor costs per unit of production are obtained, accompanied by characteristics of production conditions related to the corresponding indicators. Several types of normative observations are used.
Photo accounting- type of regulatory observations used for continuous measurements (at current time) of all types of time spent during construction and installation processes.
Timing- a type of observation used for continuous or selective measurements of time spent in the study of short-term or cyclic processes. Timing is the study of the duration of repetitive elements of the basic work of workers and machines.
Technical accounting- visual observation of an enlarged nomenclature of elements (dividing all costs into two groups - standardized and non-standardized costs) is characterized by a group recording of time and labor with an accuracy of time recording of 5 - 10 minutes
Filming- a type of normative observation used to design norms and elemental standards for labor costs and identify advanced methods for the most widespread work, especially with a short duration of operations.
Oscillography finds application in the study of the influence of the labor process on the human body, the state of working conditions, and the degree of loading of the working parts of machines.
^ Momentary Observations - are used to study the degree of use of shift fund of working time. They make it possible to observe simultaneously a large number of objects under study and in a short time to obtain reliable data on the degree of workload of machines and workers over time.
^ 5.2. Technical means for conducting regulatory observations and analyzing their results
For effective and high-quality conduct of regulatory research, it is of great importance to provide the research group with the necessary instruments and various technical means, which, depending on their purpose, are divided into the following groups: 1) instruments and apparatus for measuring time spent in labor processes; 2) equipment for studying labor processes using film and photography; 3) instruments for studying the operation of machines, mechanisms and equipment; 4) instruments and apparatus for studying influencing factors; 5) instruments for measuring the volume of completed products; 6) organizational and technical means.
^
5.3. Processing the results of regulatory observations.
Primary processing of the results of regulatory monitoring of a non-cyclical process, carried out using mixed, graphic or digital photo accounting, consists of two stages:
^ 1) preliminary calculations of labor or time costs and products for each element during the observation period as a whole (based on forms);2) transferring measurements of labor costs or time, as well as product measurements for all elements recorded during the observation process, onto a special form “Non-cyclic processing” (ON) and calculating the number of products performed for process elements in 60 man-minutes.
Checking the correctness of filling out the ON form is carried out as follows: “Total costs” on the last line of the form should be equal to the product of the number of observed works and the duration of observation time. For example, if two workers were observed for 7 hours, then the cost is 840 man-minutes. Therefore, the form has been filled out correctly.
When processing observations of cyclic processes, as a result of sampling labor or time inputs for each element or cycle, standard series are obtained. The number of values in the rows corresponds to the number of cycles performed during the observation process.
The method for determining the weighted average is that when processing the normative series, the amount of work performed for each accepted observation is taken into account.
Processing the normative series contains the following stages: grouping the values obtained from observations by type of process; sampling for each element of the series of obtained values; analysis and basic cleaning of series by excluding values that are not related to the normal being studied. The remaining values of the series fluctuate within certain limits. The series is checked for equiprobability of values using mathematical estimation methods. To do this you need:
1. Arrange the row, i.e. Arrange all values in a series in ascending order.
3. Decide on the need to check the series.
4. Determine the average value of observations from the cleaned series.
With additional cleaning of the series from random deviating values, the scattering coefficient of the series Kp is determined by the formula:
TO r = a max /a min ,
Where a max, - maximum value of the series; a min, - the minimum value of the series.
If TO r < 1,3 , then the row should not be cleaned. In this case, all values of the series are equally probable and are suitable for calculating the average value (duration) of a given element of the work process. Without further verification, the arithmetic mean of the series is calculated.
If 1,3< К r < 2 - the series needs further verification for the possibility of the presence of random measurements in it. The test is carried out using the limit value method.
If TO r > 2 - the series needs further verification, for which the relative mean square error (RMSE) method of the average value of the series is used.
^ Checking the series using the limit value method. The essence of the method is to compare the most different values in the series under study with the acceptable ones and to decide on the possibility of maintaining the value being tested in the series.
The permissible maximum and minimum values of a series are determined using the following formulas:
a i - a n
an max = +K lim (a n-1 -a 1 ),
a i -a 1
a1 min = - K lim (a n -a 2 ),
n - 1
Where a i- the sum of all values of the series; n- number of values in a row; A n- the largest value of the ordered series; a 1
- the smallest value of the ordered series; TO lim- coefficient depending on the number of values in the series, determined from the table.
Table
Checking a series using the relative mean square error (RMSE) method consists in determining the value of the actual relative mean square error of the series and comparing it with the permissible error value. This method is used to evaluate the standard series when TO r > 2.
Actual relative mean square error E f the series being tested is determined by the formulas:
1E f = 
na i 2
– (a i )
2
/n – 1 * 100,
a i
or
E f =
2
/ n(n – 1) * 100,
a Wed
Where 2 = (a i - a Wed ) 2 - the sum of squared deviations of each value of the series from its average value.
The value of the permissible root-mean-square error of the simple arithmetic mean value of the series, depending on the number of cyclic elements in the work of the production process, is determined from the table.
Table
^ If the error is more acceptable , then it is necessary to exclude one of the extreme values from the series. To determine which one, it is calculated TO 1 And TO n :a i -a 1
K1 = ,
a i -a n
a i 2 -a 1 a i
Kn = ,
a n a i -a i 2
In case: if TO 1 <К n, then excluded first (smallest) the value of the ordered series ( A 1 );
If TO 1 >K n, then excluded last (greatest)) the value of the ordered series ( A n).
After cleaning and completing the verification of the series, the average value is calculated over the remaining values of the series.
To simplify the calculation, you can use the auxiliary table.
Table
| № | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | … | … | 10 | n-1 | n | |
| a i | a 1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | a i |
| a i 2 | a 1 2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | a i 2 |
Example: Check the following row: 18, 23, 27, 16, 23, 13, 25, 22, 32, 21 with seven cyclic elements of the work composition E additional = 10%, K p = 32/13 = 2.46.
Further calculations are given in the table.
Table
| P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Sum- | Designation Reading |
| a i A i 2 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 32 | 220 | a 1
|
a 1 2 E f = 
=
8% .
Since 8%< 10 %, то ряд очистки не требует.
To determine the value of the norm of labor costs for a given process, it is necessary to determine labor costs according to the elements of standardized costs included in the norm - operational work, rest and personal needs, technological breaks.
Design of labor costs for operational work (t op)
Designing standards for labor costs for operational work (main and auxiliary) consists of determining reasonable costs for elements of main and auxiliary work based on regulatory observation data in accordance with the established norms of the construction process.
Operational work time (operational time) is the time spent both directly on changing the shape, properties, dimensions of the object of labor, and on performing auxiliary actions necessary to implement these changes.
Operating time costs are repeated with each unit of production or a certain amount of work.
The amount of time spent on operational work is determined by summing up all the values of labor costs for operations included in the process:
where A is the average value of labor costs for performing the i-th operation, obtained after processing the results of regulatory observations;
K is the coefficient of transition to the main process meter. The conversion rate shows how many units of output are contained in a unit of output of one process (the main meter).
We will formulate a synthesis of labor costs by elements of operational work in the form of a table.
Table 13 Synthesis of labor costs by elements of operational work
|
Name of operational work operations |
Unit change product operation |
Average costs per operation, A, person-min. |
Conversion coefficient K |
Labor costs for the main process meter (A* K) |
|
|
Preparing the panel for slinging |
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|
Stropovka |
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|
Making a bed from mortar |
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|
Panel installation |
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|
Alignment and temporary fastening |
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|
Unstropping |
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|
Sealing horizontal seam |
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|
Removing temporary fastenings |
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|
Total: labor costs for operational work |
Design of labor costs for preparatory and final work
The norm of labor costs for preparatory and final work (hereinafter referred to as PZR) is designed, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift or task).
The time of preparatory and final work (N pzr) is the time spent preparing for the execution of a production task and on actions related to its completion. This includes the time to receive the task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawings, instructions on the procedure for performing the work, installation of devices, adjustment of equipment to the appropriate operating mode in connection with the execution of this task, as well as removal, delivery of devices, tools, technical documentation, finished products.
The peculiarity of preparatory and final work is that it is spent once per job (batch of objects of labor) and does not depend on the amount of work performed on this task. In large-scale and mass production, the amount of preparatory and final work per part is insignificant and is not taken into account when establishing time standards.
When designing production standards, the amount of labor costs for production and production work is, as a rule, taken according to aggregated standards, which are established as a percentage of the cost norm N.S. Zotkina, O.I. Frolova. Guidelines for completing course work in the course “Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at industry enterprises” for students of specialties 080502 “Economics and management in an enterprise (construction)”, 080507 “Organization management” full-time and part-time courses./ed. 2- e, processed - Tyumen: RIC VPO TyumGASU, 2008. - With. 8-17.. The standards are differentiated by type of work.
The standard for PZR when installing prefabricated reinforced concrete crane structures is 4%.
According to the assignment N pzr = 4 person-min.
The amount of costs for PPP as a percentage is calculated as follows:
where, PZR is the amount of preparatory and final work, in man-minutes;
OR - time of operational work, in person-minutes. (sum of column 6 of table 6).
