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Presentation "New Year History of the holiday" - project, report. New Year presentation on the topic Ready-made presentations for the New Year

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Traditions of celebrating the New Year in Russia There are quite a lot of traditions. Most of them are borrowed from Western culture. This is explained by two reasons: firstly, the arrival of Christianity in Slavic Rus' completely, or almost completely destroyed the pagan traditions of welcoming the new year and seeing off the old one; secondly, the nobility and nobility imported new Western customs into Russia, which were subsequently adopted by the common people and became popular. Moreover, each era brought something new. From the times of Slavic paganism we inherited mummers, buffoons and jesters. The era of Peter I and subsequent reformer rulers brought a New Year tree with toys, fireworks, Santa Claus and a New Year's table (delicacies such as Olivier salads and vinaigrette were unknown before him; they made do with porridge and pies). And the country of the Soviets gave us Father Frost and the Snow Maiden, the obligatory champagne with tangerines on the table and the chimes.

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The tradition of celebrating the New Year with a Christmas tree appeared in Russia under Peter I. In 1699, he issued a decree that introduced a new calendar - from the Nativity of Christ, and ordered the New Year to be celebrated in a European way - on January 1. By royal decree, all residents of Moscow were ordered to celebrate the New Year: light bonfires on New Year's Eve, set off fireworks, congratulate each other, and decorate their houses with coniferous trees.

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Some families have a tradition of baking New Year's pies with a surprise - a coin is placed in one, the other is baked salty, and the third is sweet. At the New Year's table, as the chimes strike, you need to choose a pie, and there are a lot of them on the platter. The one who gets the coin will become rich next year, the owner of the salty pie will face trials, and the owner of the sweet pie will have a fun, sweet life.

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In some families, it is customary to paint furniture: on the glass or mirror of the cabinet they depict in gouache the symbol of the coming year, Father Frost and the Snow Maiden and some winter picture.

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There is a belief that you should celebrate the New Year in new underwear, then the disease will not stick. We buy panties, beacons, socks, tights for all family members - everything that is “closer to the body.” This is a good reason to buy something special, something that you cannot afford at other times.

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How old is Santa Claus? Father Frost is the youngest of the Russian fairy-tale heroes. It became a symbol of the New Year holidays approximately 100-150 years ago.

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In ancient times, the Russian people told fairy tales and legends about Frost - a strong and angry old man, the owner of snowy fields and forests, who brought cold, snow, and blizzards to the earth. He was called differently: Moroz, Morozko, and more often, with respect, by his first name and patronymic: Moroz-Ivanovich. In those days, he rarely gave gifts; on the contrary, people who believed in his strength gave gifts to him so that he would become kinder.

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When Russia began to celebrate the New Year in winter, on the night from December 31 to January 1, Santa Claus became the main character of our holiday. But his character changed: he became kinder and began to bring gifts to the children on New Year's Eve.

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Christmas in Rus' The celebration of the Nativity of Christ falls on January 7th. The evening before Christmas was called Christmas Eve - from the word “sochivo”, which means a dish made from boiled wheat grains. We didn’t eat until the first star. The peasant brought home an armful of hay, which was ceremonially placed on a bench in the “red coal”. A sheaf of unthreshed rye or wheat and kutya, a special porridge made from wheat grains and barley, were placed nearby.

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History of the New Year Krivorotova L.N. 9 "A" class 2009

How was New Year celebrated in the old days? Basically, the celebration of the New Year among ancient peoples coincided with the beginning of the revival of nature and, as a rule, was timed to March. March was considered the first month by the ancient Romans because field work began at that time. In 46 BC. e. Roman Emperor Julius Caesar moved the start of the year to January 1. The Romans made sacrifices to Janus on this day and began major events with him, considering the first day of the year an auspicious day. Read more >>>

Celebrations in different countries America annually breaks all records for greeting cards and Christmas gifts. In Burma and Thailand, the New Year is celebrated in the heat of the day, so people throw water on each other when they meet. Bulgarians, gathered for the New Year's celebration, turn off the lights for a few minutes. These minutes are called the minutes of New Year's kisses. In Italy, on New Year's Eve, it is customary to throw away old things and replace them with new ones. And if there are no old things, then you have to throw away new ones, otherwise happiness will bypass the house. Read more >>>

Happy New Year!

Where did the custom of celebrating the New Year come from? The New Year has forever entered our everyday life, becoming a traditional holiday for all people on earth. Meanwhile, everything has its beginning. The history of this holiday dates back at least 25 centuries. This custom was first born in Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia). Here, as well as in the lower Nile valley, civilization was first born at the end of the 4th millennium BC. Its famous centers of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria arose here, famous for their cultural heritage and the greatest inventions of mankind, which still never cease to amaze and delight us. It was here, according to scientists, that the New Year began to be celebrated for the first time (in the third millennium). All agricultural work began at the end of March, after the water in the Tigris and Euphrates arrived. For 12 days, processions, carnivals, and masquerades marked this event - the onset of the time of victories of the bright god Marduk over the forces of destruction and death. It was forbidden to work at this time, to punish, to carry out trials. The cuneiform writing on one of the clay tablets said that these were days of unbridled freedom, when the entire world order was turned upside down. The slave turned into a master. The word CARNIVAL itself, by the way, translated from Babylonian means ship-sea, and this is probably not accidental, for many rituals of the New Year's holiday were associated with the imaginary voyage of the god Marduk along the Euphrates. On one of the days, the mysteries depicted the battle of Marduk against the monster of the goddess of chaos Tiamat (resembling a dragon, snake, lizard). Scientists have proven that the Jews who were in Babylonian captivity (during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar) borrowed this story and included it in the Bible. This myth is the origin of the Christian legend about St. George defeating the dragon (Does this symbolism remind you of anything? Well, of course, St. George the Victorious on the coat of arms of Moscow). From the Jews, the tradition of New Year's celebration, which they borrowed, as you know, from the Babylonians, passed on to the Greeks, and through them to the peoples of Western Europe.

How was New Year celebrated in the old days? Some peoples keep track of time according to the lunar-solar calendar, and the beginning of the year falls somewhere in autumn, sometimes in winter. But basically, the celebration of the New Year among ancient peoples coincided with the beginning of the revival of nature and, as a rule, was timed to March. March was considered the first month by the ancient Romans because field work began at that time. The year consisted of ten months, then the number of months was increased by two. In 46 BC. e. Roman Emperor Julius Caesar moved the start of the year to January 1. The Julian calendar, named after him, spread throughout Europe. The Romans made sacrifices to Janus on this day and began major events with him, considering the first day of the year an auspicious day. As you already know, the New Year was not always celebrated on January 1st. In France, at first (until 755) they counted from December 25, then from March 1, in the 12th century - from Easter, and from 1564, by decree of King Charles IX, from January 1. In Germany the same thing happened in the middle of the 16th century, and in England from the 18th century. But what was the situation with us, in Rus'? In Russia, from the time of the introduction of Christianity, following the customs of their ancestors, they also began the calendar either from March or, less often, from the day of Holy Easter. In 1492, Grand Duke John III finally approved the decree of the Moscow Council to consider the first of September as the beginning of both the church and civil year, when it was ordered to pay tribute, duties, various quitrents, etc. And in order to give greater solemnity to this day, the tsar himself appeared in the Kremlin the day before, where everyone, be it a commoner or a noble boyar, could approach him and seek directly from him truth and mercy (by the way, something similar happened in Byzantium during times of Constantine the Great). The last time the New Year in Rus' was celebrated with royal pomp was on September 1, 1698. Giving everyone an apple, the king, calling everyone brother, congratulated them on the New Year, on new happiness. Each healthy cup of Tsar Peter the Great was accompanied by a shot from 25 guns.

How old is Santa Claus? Imagine that in some countries local gnomes are considered the ancestors of Santa Claus. In others, there are medieval wandering jugglers who sang Christmas carols, or wandering sellers of children's toys. There is an opinion that among the relatives of Father Frost is the East Slavic spirit of cold Treskun, aka Studenets, Frost. The image of Santa Claus has evolved over centuries, and each nation has contributed something of its own to its history. But among the elder’s ancestors there was, it turns out, a very real person. In the 4th century, Archbishop Nicholas lived in the Turkish city of Myra. According to legend, he was a very kind man. So, one day he saved three daughters of a poor family by throwing bundles of gold through the window of their house. After the death of Nicholas, he was declared a saint. In the 11th century, the church where he was buried was robbed by Italian pirates. They stole the remains of the saint and took them to their homeland. The parishioners of the Church of St. Nicholas were outraged. An international scandal broke out. This story caused so much noise that Nicholas became the object of veneration and worship of Christians from different countries of the world. In the Middle Ages, the custom of giving gifts to children on St. Nicholas Day, December 19, was firmly established, because this is what the saint himself did. After the introduction of the new calendar, the saint began to come to children at Christmas, and then on New Year. The Santa Claus costume also did not appear immediately. At first he was depicted wearing a cloak. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Dutch depicted him as a slender pipe smoker, skillfully cleaning chimneys through which he threw gifts to children. At the end of the same century, he was dressed in a red fur coat trimmed with fur. In 1860, the American artist Thomas Knight decorated Santa Claus with a beard, and soon the Englishman Tenniel created the image of a good-natured fat man. We are all very familiar with this Santa Claus.

When did they first start celebrating the New Year in Rus' on January 1? Since 1700, Tsar Peter issued a decree to celebrate the New Year not from the day of the creation of the world, but from the Nativity of the God-Man, referring to the European peoples. It was forbidden to celebrate September 1, and on December 15, 1699, the beating of drums announced to the people on Red Square (from the lips of the Tsar’s clerk) that, as a sign of a good beginning and the beginning of a new century, after thanksgiving to God and prayer singing in the church, large thoroughfares were ordered to , and for noble people to make some decorations in front of the gates from trees and branches of pine, spruce and juniper. And for the poor people (i.e., the poor), at least put a tree or a branch over the gate. And so that it arrives by the 1st of 1700 of this year; and this decoration will remain on Invar (i.e. January) until the 7th of the same year. On the first day, as a sign of fun, congratulate each other on the New Year, and do this when the fiery fun begins on Red Square and there is shooting. The decree recommended that, if possible, everyone in their yards fire three times from small cannons or small rifles and fire several rockets. From January 1st to January 7th, at night, light fires from wood, or brushwood, or straw. Tsar Peter I was the first to launch a rocket. Writhing in the air like a fiery snake, it announced the coming of the New Year to the people, and after that, celebrations began throughout Belokamennaya. As a sign of the national holiday, cannons were fired, and in the evening, multi-colored fireworks, never seen before, flashed in the dark sky.

Continuation The illumination was blazing. People had fun, sang, danced, congratulated each other and gave New Year's gifts. Peter I steadily ensured that this holiday was no worse or poorer in our country than in other European countries. He was a decisive man and in one fell swoop he resolved all the calendar inconveniences. By the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great in Russia the year was 7207 (from the creation of the world), and in Europe 1699 (from the Nativity of Christ). Russia was beginning to establish connections with Europe, and such a time difference was very difficult. But that was over. It was from January 1, 1700 that folk New Year's fun and merriment gained recognition, and the celebration of the New Year began to have a secular (non-church) character. From now on and forever, this holiday was enshrined in the Russian calendar. This is how the New Year came to us, with Christmas tree decorations, lights, bonfires (which Peter ordered to be arranged at night from January 1 to 7 by lighting tar barrels), the creaking of snow in the cold, winter children's fun - sleds, skis, skates, snow women, Santa Claus, gifts... It must be said that the new New Year's customs took root among the Slavs quite quickly, because before at that time there was another Christmastide holiday. And many old rituals - cheerful carnivals, mummers' antics, sleigh rides, midnight fortune telling and round dances around the Christmas tree - fit well into the ritual of celebrating the New Year. And although it was frosty at that time, people were not afraid of the cold. As you know, they burned bonfires in the streets, performed dances around them, calling on the sun (which they had deified from time immemorial) to warm the earth, bound by snow and frost.

About celebrating Christmas If you want the Christmas holiday to return again, let it into your home, into your family. Start by telling your children about the origin of the holiday and how it was celebrated in Russia before. The ritual of Christmas Eve with its lit candle on the window and unusually simple and very tasty food will be interesting for children. The table can be decorated with original compositions of branches and candles. At the table, after eating, you can arrange readings aloud, which children also love. To do this, it is good to choose stories and fairy tales that are called that way in literature - Christmas, Christmas. If on New Year it is customary to congratulate all acquaintances, then on Christmas visits were made only to close relatives and friends. And this once again speaks of the family nature of the holiday. Rules of decency of the late 19th century. these visits were not allowed to be avoided, since it was believed that “to maintain good relations” they were simply necessary. And in fact, not the most beautiful postcard sent from the Post Office of Santa Claus himself can replace the joy of personal communication if you and your whole family visit close relatives on this holiday, whom you have not seen often during the year. At Christmas it was customary to give sweets or some useful things. And don’t forget about visiting the families of your relatives and friends who have small children. This is their holiday. Don’t forget about the gifts that, just like on New Year’s, children can receive from the beautiful Christmas tree. Or you can make it a tradition to remove the Christmas tree in the evening of this day. Having received the gifts, admire her again, say goodbye with gratitude for the pleasures and joys brought and invite her to the house next year. Your Christmas program can include a walk with your children through a winter city or park. A visit to the theater or concert will brighten up your holiday. It all depends on the traditions of the family, the desires and passions of its members. But the most important thing is that this is a tradition that children have known about since childhood, felt its warmth and respected it, and would like to continue it in their families in the future.

New Year celebrations in different countries America annually breaks all records for greeting cards and Christmas gifts. In Burma and Thailand, the New Year is celebrated in the heat of the day, so people throw water on each other when they meet. This is a kind of wish for happiness in the New Year. Bulgarians, gathered for the New Year's celebration, turn off the lights for a few minutes. These minutes are called the minutes of New Year's kisses, the secret of which is preserved by darkness. In Vietnam, New Year is celebrated at night. At dusk, the Vietnamese light fires on which they prepare special rice delicacies. On New Year's Eve, it is customary to release live carp into rivers and ponds. According to legend, a god swims on the back of a carp, who goes to heaven on New Year’s Day to tell how people live on Earth. On this night, quarrels are forgotten, grievances are forgiven. When residents of Greece go to celebrate the New Year, they take with them a stone, which they throw at the threshold of a hospitable home. If the stone is heavy, they say: “Let the owner’s wealth be as heavy as this stone.” And if the stone is small, then they wish: “Let the thorn in the owner’s eye be as small as this stone.”

Continued In India, New Year is celebrated in different ways. People of northern India decorate themselves with white, pink, red and purple flowers. In central India, buildings are decorated with multi-colored, mostly orange, flags. In western India, small lights are lit on the roofs of houses. On the eve of the holiday, mothers lay out gifts, sweets, and flowers for their children on large trays. On the first morning of the New Year, children with their eyes closed are led to a tray from which they choose a gift. In Iran, the New Year is celebrated in the spring. In advance, Iranians plant grains of wheat or barley in a small dish. The grass that has sprouted for the New Year symbolizes the beginning of a new life. In Italy, on New Year's Eve, it is customary to throw away old things and replace them with new ones. And if there are no old things, then you have to throw away new ones, otherwise happiness will bypass the house. In China, the New Year is always celebrated during the new moon in late January - early February. Processions of many thousands of lanterns move through the streets. They are lit to illuminate the path to the New Year. To keep evil spirits out of the New Year, the Chinese cover the windows and doors of their houses with paper and scare them away with firecrackers and firecrackers.

Continued In Cuba, the clock strikes only 11 times on New Year's Day. Since the 12th strike falls just on the New Year, the clock is allowed to rest and calmly celebrate the holiday with everyone. At midnight, Cubans throw water through an open window onto the street, wishing that the New Year would be as clear and pure as the water. In Mongolia, the New Year is celebrated at the Christmas tree, although the Mongolian Santa Claus comes to the children dressed as a cattle breeder. On the New Year's holiday, sports competitions, games, and tests of dexterity and courage are held. In Panama, New Year's Eve is unusually noisy: trumpets are blaring, sirens are wailing and people are screaming. According to ancient belief, noise scares away evil spirits. In Romania, it is customary to bake small surprises into New Year's pies - coins, porcelain figurines, rings, hot pepper pods. A ring found in a cake means that the New Year will bring much happiness. And a pod of pepper will cheer up everyone around you. In France, on New Year's Eve, a bean is baked in gingerbread. And the best New Year's gift for a fellow villager is a wheel. In Sweden, on New Year's Eve, it is customary to break dishes at your neighbors' doors.

Continuation In Scotland, on New Year's Eve, they set fire to resin in a barrel and roll the barrel through the streets. The Scots consider this a symbol of the burning of the Old Year. After this, the road to the New Year is open. The first person to enter a house after the New Year is believed to bring good luck or bad luck. A dark-haired man with a gift - fortunately. In Wales, when going on a visit to celebrate the New Year, you should grab a piece of coal and throw it into the fireplace lit on New Year's Eve. This indicates the friendly intentions of the guests who came. Exactly at midnight it is necessary to open the doors wide to let out the Old Year and let in the New Year. In Japan, New Year's Eve is called "golden week." At this time, many institutions and firms, government organizations, and large department stores stop operating. Even banks are open until 12 noon on December 31st and have a rest for the first three days of the New Year. The custom of seeing off the Old Year is obligatory, including organizing receptions and visiting restaurants. When the New Year arrives, the Japanese begin to laugh. They believe that laughter will bring them good luck in the coming year. On the first New Year's Eve it is customary to visit the temple. The temples ring a bell 108 times. With each blow, as the Japanese believe, everything bad goes away, which should not happen again in the New Year. To ward off evil spirits, the Japanese hang bundles of straw in front of the entrance to their houses. In houses, rice cakes are placed in a prominent place, on top of which tangerines are placed, symbolizing happiness, health and longevity.

New Year is one of the most favorite children's holidays, celebrated in every school and kindergarten. Teachers and children prepare concerts, skits, evening scenarios, decorate classrooms, and make crafts.

Features of the New Year's presentation

To create New Year's presentations, we suggest using thematic templates depicting Christmas trees, lights, gifts, candles, as well as New Year's characters: Father Frost, Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.

Don’t be afraid to make your presentation bright, rich in clipart, lights, animation, because the goal of a holiday presentation is to create a festive mood.

When creating a presentation for the New Year and Christmas, the background or frame is usually used. colors: dark green and dark blue, bright red, and gold, silver, and white are used in the design.

Festive presentations will create a joyful mood in children and the expectation of a miracle. New Year's backgrounds can be used to create slide shows, presentations for class hours, parent-teacher meetings, and even for certificates.

New Year presentation template

As you know, the PowerPoint program was created to illustrate reports on science or business. But now the scope of PowerPoint presentations is much wider; They are also loved by teachers. After all, a colorful presentation attracts and holds the child’s attention, helps create the right mood and allows the use of a variety of illustrative material.

Presentations are also appropriate during extracurricular activities. For example, during a New Year's party, a cheerful, bright presentation will lift your spirits, and on the slides you can put New Year's songs (you can ask them to guess them by the backing track or sing them in chorus), riddles, competitions, New Year's quiz questions and fragments of cartoons.

This section contains beautiful templates with New Year's designs. This development will help you quickly prepare a holiday presentation without spending extra time on designing the layout. You can download the templates at any time; it's fast, easy and free. Happy New Year and happy creativity!

Download the templates, share with your colleagues and make your students happy.

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New Year's presentationNew Year, Christmas, Old New Year.

Who doesn't love holidays? Especially New Year's! We remember the enchanting moment when the lights go out and the Christmas tree lights come on - and the familiar world is transformed into a fairy tale, where miracles are about to happen and we find ourselves in a fairyland of gnomes, wizards, dragons and castles in the air.

But we grow up and ask ourselves the question: why in Russia can we celebrate the New Year... three times? Name these three New Years: New Year - January 1; Christmas - January 7; Old New Year - January 14.

The Origin of HolidaysWhat do you know about the origin of these holidays? When and why did they arise? How are they celebrated in Rus'?

New YearIn the old days, Rus' celebrated the pagan New Year on March 1, and only in the 15th century did they gradually move on to celebrating the New Year in accordance with church tradition.

Decree of Peter the Great According to the decree of Peter the Great, January 1 became the New Year in 1700 (thus establishing the European custom of celebrating the New Year).

Decree of Peter the Great: “And as a sign of a good beginning and a new century, congratulate each other with joy on the New Year. Along noble and well-traveled streets, at gates and houses, make some decorations from trees and branches of pine, spruce and juniper, fire small cannons and rifles, fire rockets, as many as you can, and light fires. »

Decree of the Tsar The decree of the Tsar ordered to celebrate this event with special solemnity. On New Year's Eve, Peter himself lit the first rocket on Red Square. Lights were lit along the large streets - bonfires and tarred bulls attached to poles. The festivities with the ringing of bells, the firing of cannons, and the sounds of trumpets and kettledrums continued all night. The houses of the capital's residents were decorated with pine needles and spruce and pine branches. Since that time, the custom has been established to celebrate the New Year every year on January 1 and put a Christmas tree in the house.

Nativity of Christ “Holy night reigns over the world, the daily noise of worries has subsided.” An exciting and joyful gospel is sweeping over Russia. In all churches they sing: “Thy Nativity, O Christ God, rise up and bring peace to the light of reason...” On January 7, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas.

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Why do Christians reverence the holiday of Christmas so much? On this night, a new star lit up in the sky, announcing to the world the coming of the Savior of the human race - Jesus Christ. In Rus', on the eve of Christmas, houses were decorated with Christmas trees - a symbol of eternal, renewing life. A star made of paper or wood was hung on top. She depicted the gospel star, which showed the wise men the way to the birth of Jesus.

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B. Pasternak They stood in the shadows, as if in the twilight of a stable, whispering, barely finding the words. Suddenly, someone in the darkness, a little to the left, pushed the sorcerer away from the manger with his hand, and he looked back: from the threshold at the maiden, like a guest, the star of the Nativity was looking.

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Celebrating Christmas in Russia In Rus', people celebrated Christmas solemnly. On the first day after the service, young people, adults and even older people went to “glorify Christ.” The children learned chants like this: “Welcome the Magi, welcome the holy, Christmas has come, let’s begin the celebration! The star walks with us, singing a prayer.”

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Christian tradition: Christmas was preceded by a long (40-day) fast, during which food was limited. On the day before Christmas, they did not eat anything until the first star appeared. In the old days, after its sunrise, the family gathered for prayer in front of the images. Then the eldest in the house brought in an armful of straw. It was spread out on the table, covered with a tablecloth. In the evening we ate only vegetables and “kutya” (porridge). All the more desirable were the delicacies that the housewives prepared for the beginning of the celebration.

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Christmas delicacies In the northern Russian provinces they made special “kozulki” cookies in the form of animal figures. They were made for children or displayed in windows. In the Nizhny Novgorod province, baked goods made from figurines were called “carols”, in the Ryazan province – “ovsenki”. In Siberia, they made “syrchiki” - frozen balls of cottage cheese. Such delicacies were placed in the bags of those who congratulated. They gave gifts not only to the singers, but also shared sweets with the poor and the sick.

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Yuletide festivitiesParishioners invited friends and relatives to Yuletide festivities. Both old and young glorified the birth of Christ on the streets and crossroads. Children went from house to house with a painted paper Christmas star and a nativity scene - a box in the shape of the cave where Jesus was born. This custom appeared in the 16th – 17th centuries. in Little Russia. The children sang about the birth of the savior of the world, adding their own songs - carols. Adults presented little Christoslavs with money and pies.

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Yuletide festivities On the streets, crowds of mummers danced and sang songs of “playful content.” They were generously presented with sweets, and in gratitude they wished everyone health and prosperity. Children swung on swings and rode on boards - a common holiday activity. The people were especially entertained by the buffoons - songwriters, musicians, dancers and puppeteers.

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After New Year's Eve Usually on the first day after Christmas night, as soon as the parents woke up, young people came to them with requests, the children were waiting for New Year's gifts.

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Christmastide “Christmas, that is, holy days - 12 days from Christmas to Epiphany. They are also called holy evenings, perhaps in memory of the events of the Nativity and Baptism of the Savior, which took place at night. The church began to sanctify 12 days after the feast of the Nativity of Christ in ancient times... Meanwhile, the sanctity of these days and evenings in many places was violated by fortune-telling and other superstitious customs that survived from the pagan festivals of the same time of year,” this is how the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron popularly explains.

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Christmastide began to be celebrated as early as 3 thousand years BC. ancient Sumerians, Chaldeans and Assyrians. The first 12 days at the beginning of the year were accompanied by noisy carnivals and mysteries. And the nights on days 8 and 11 were dedicated to fortune telling. Among the Slavs, such mysteries were called carols. The ritual of these days is playful, but once it was of a magical nature, aimed at ensuring that bread grew and livestock multiplied, so that there was prosperity in the house, and happiness in the family. Fortune telling was the privilege of women.

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