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Ecology teaches us: if acid rain comes from a cloud, then the natural environment is in danger.

ACID RAIN: ECOLOGICAL ASPECT

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Negative ecological and biological consequences of acid rain:

Deterioration of atmospheric visibility Acidification of freshwater bodies and reduction of fish stocks Acidification of soils and decrease in their fertility Damage and death of forest formations Destruction of certain species of animals Acceleration of corrosion of bridges, dams, metal structures Harm to human health Acceleration of destruction of world architectural monuments

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Lake Acidification

Freshwater lakes in Canada, the USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia and other countries have suffered from acid precipitation. Thus, in Canada, more than 14,000 lakes are acidified, in the eastern part of the USA - about 9,000, in Sweden - more than 6,500 reservoirs, in Norway - 5,000. In Russia, the lakes of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula were especially affected by acid precipitation. On the Kola Peninsula, 37% of the surveyed lakes are highly acidified, and about 30% of water bodies are at risk of acidification. In many lake ecosystems, an increase in water acidity (a decrease in pH value) has led to the degradation of fish populations and other aquatic organisms.

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Soil acidification

Acid rain negatively affects soils: - Reduces soil fertility. At a pH value less than 5.0, a progressive decrease in their fertility begins, and at pH = 3, they become practically infertile. - Reduce the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Most bacteria and fungi prefer a neutral environment. At pH = 6.2, the number of bacteria in 1 g of soil is 13.6 x 106, and at pH = 4.8 - 4 x 106. - They wash out many nutrients from the soil. This leads to a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops (cotton, tomatoes, grapes, citrus fruits, etc.) by an average of 20-30%. Russia, which has more than 50 million hectares of acidified soils, annually loses agricultural yields in the amount of 16-18 million . tons in terms of grain.

Slide 14

Impact on forest formations

Due to atmospheric precipitation: - plant growth has decreased and natural reforestation has deteriorated; - plant resistance to drought, frost and salinity has decreased; - the processes of transpiration, respiration and photosynthesis were disrupted. An increase in the area of ​​damaged and dead forests was noted in Europe: in 1860 they occupied about 1000 hectares, now - over 50 million hectares. In Russia, outbreaks of pests and diseases annually cover up to 4 million hectares of forest formations. In Sweden, Spain, Austria, the share of degraded forests is 22-39%, in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Great Britain, Norway - it reaches 49-71% of the total forest area. In Western Europe, coniferous species (Norway spruce) are particularly affected by acidification. The supply of sulfur and nitrogen compounds changes the chemical composition of soils and the nutritional regime of plants. Violation of the diet leads to discoloration and drying out of conifers. This process affected not only coniferous species, but also broad-leaved formations (oak, beech, sycamore, hickory, etc.).

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Harm to human health

Aerosol particles from acid deposition pose a particular danger to human health. Large particles are retained in the upper respiratory tract. Small (less than 2 microns) droplets, consisting of a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids, penetrate into the most remote areas of the lungs. With these aerosols, carcinogenic heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, lead) can enter the body. Thus, during the tragic London fog of 1952, more than 4,000 deaths were attributed to the increased content of sulfur oxides and sulfate particles in the humid air. In acidified lakes of the USA, Norway, and Finland, high concentrations of mercury in fish tissues were noted. The harm that eating such fish causes to the body is obvious and causes various diseases contaminated with acids (Minamata disease) in people when consumed. precipitation of water.

Slide 16

Damage to world architectural monuments

Due to acid precipitation, the Colosseum and St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Delphi (the sanctuary of Apollo), temples and tombs in industrial areas of Japan, etc. are destroyed. The huge stone obelisk of Cleopatra, transported from Egypt to Great Britain, suffered more severe damage due to acid precipitation during its 85 years in London than in 3,000 years in Alexandria. The leader in the impact of acid rain on buildings and architectural structures in Western Europe is Manchester, where in 20 months. acid precipitation dissolved more than 120 g of stone (sandstone, marble, limestone) from 1 m2 of structures. Next come Antwerp (Netherlands) - losses of more than 100 g/m2 - and cities such as Athens, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, where acid rain dissolved 20-40 g of stone from every 1 m2 of construction. (According to the University of Dublin (Ireland)

Slide 17

Today, no one doubts that acid rain is one of the causes of the death of life in water bodies, forests, crops, and vegetation. In addition, acid rain destroys buildings and cultural monuments, pipelines, renders cars unusable, reduces soil fertility and can lead to toxic metals leaking into aquifers.

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STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 457 WITH IN-DEPTH STUDY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE VYBORG DISTRICT OF ST. PETERSBURG

Acid rain and volcanic emissions. Their role in changing nature

As part of the school project “Problems of global climate change”

Chemistry teacher: Ratushnaya Olga Evgenievna

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

For the first time, the problem of acid rain became the subject of serious discussion at the XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), held in Madrid in September 1975.

In 1983 The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution came into force, which states that countries should strive to limit and gradually reduce air pollution, including pollution that extends beyond their borders.

What is contained in a volcanic ejecta cloud?

It contains small particles of glass, silicon and crushed stone. This composition acts on everything that comes into contact with it.

paths like sandpaper

According to United Nations experts, volcanic gases released into the high atmosphere after a volcanic eruption and spread across the planet with air currents can remain there for 14 months and change the intensity of solar radiation. The heaviest particles can

fall to the ground and can cause problems in the respiratory tract

in humans for another 3 months after the eruption.

Some meteorologists see a positive aspect in these phenomena, considering them a natural mechanism for controlling the temperature of the planet, reducing its overheating

and the risk of catastrophic consequences such as drought,

floods, heat and rising sea levels.

Sulfur

During volcanic eruptions, sulfur oxide (IV) predominates; hydrogen sulfide, as well as sulfates in the form of aerosols and solid particles, enter the atmosphere in smaller quantities. Every year, 4-16 million tons of sulfur compounds (in terms of SO2) are released worldwide as a result of volcanic activity.

Volcanoes affect the natural environment and humanity in several ways.

Firstly, direct impact on the environment of erupting volcanic products.

Secondly, the impact of gases and fine ash on the atmosphere and thereby on the climate.

Thirdly, the effect of heat from volcanic products on ice and snow.

Fourth, volcanic eruptions are usually accompanied by earthquakes, etc. But the effects of volcanic matter on the atmosphere are especially long-term and global, which is reflected in changes in the Earth’s climate.

Acid rain

The term “acid rain” was first coined in 1872 by English explorer Angus Smith.

Acid rain is one of the causes of the death of life in water bodies, forests, crops and vegetation.

Acid rain

Acid rain - These are sediments whose acidity is increased. A measure of acidity is the pH value.

Pure water has pH=7.

If acidity

water below 5,

then precipitation is considered

acidic.

Reasons for education

The main cause of acid rain is the presence in the Earth's atmosphere of sulfur dioxide SO 2 and nitrogen dioxide NO 2, which, as a result of chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere, are converted into sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively.

Sulfur

Sulfur is found in such minerals as coal, oil, iron, copper and other ores; Some of them are used as fuel, others are sent to chemical and metallurgical industries.

During processing, sulfur turns into chemical compounds, for example, sulfur dioxide.

Sulfur

Most anthropogenic emissions are dominated by sulfur(IV) oxide and sulfates.

Sulfates are released during fuel combustion and during industrial processes such as oil refining, cement and gypsum production, and sulfuric acid.

Nitrogen

Natural sources of nitrogen oxides are thunderstorms and lightning, as well as nutrients.

Volatile organic compounds enter the atmosphere mainly from natural sources (65% of the total).

The main source of these substances is plants, as a result of whose vital activity complex organic substances are formed.

Consequences of acid rain in nature

As a result of acid precipitation, the balance in ecosystems is disrupted, the productivity of agricultural plants and the nutritional properties of soils deteriorate.

Consequences of acid rain in technology

As a result of corrosion, metal structures are destroyed.

Consequences of acid rain in architecture

Acid precipitation destroys structures made of marble and limestone.

Historical monuments of Greece and Rome, having stood for millennia, have been destroyed right before our eyes in recent years.

Consequences of acid rain

Every region has buildings that have been damaged by acid rain. List the buildings and architectural monuments in your region that, in your opinion, have been affected by acid precipitation.

Ways to protect nature

One of the main methods of control is the installation at each enterprise of expensive treatment facilities, the filters of which will prevent the emissions of heavy metals and dangerous oxides.

Another way to solve the problem is to reduce the number of vehicles in large cities in order to reduce exhaust emissions.

In addition to this you should:

• restore rather than cut down forests
• clean up polluted water bodies
• recycle rather than burn waste

Conclusion

“We have learned to swim in the water like fish, fly in the sky like birds, all that remains is to learn to live on Earth like people.”

Presentation on the topic: Acid rain - a pressing environmental problem

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Presentation on the topic: Acid rain is a pressing environmental problem

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The first mention of acid rain dates back to the middle of the 19th century. In 1872, the attention of English explorer Angus Smith was drawn to Victorian smog in Manchester. However, the global danger of the phenomenon was realized only in the 60s. XX century Scandinavian countries, Canada, the USA, Western Europe, etc. suffered from acid rain. Therefore, this problem was raised by Switzerland at the UN Conference on the Environment (Stockholm, 1972).

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Sources of acid-forming emissions Natural sources supply sulfur and nitrogen to the atmosphere (cycles in the biosphere, volcanic activity, etc.). However, anthropogenic factors play a major role. Emissions of these compounds from economic activities (fossil fuel power plants, metallurgical enterprises, etc.) amount to 255 million tons. In Europe alone, sulfur dioxide emissions in some years reach 20-40 million tons. In Russia, stationary sources released more than 7 million tons of acid-forming substances into the atmosphere. As a result of transboundary transfer, about 2 million tons of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen compounds entered the European part of the country.

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Sources of acid-forming emissions Solid fuel rockets Shuttle, Proton and Energia make a certain contribution to the formation of acid precipitation. Acid traces are formed from the combustion products of rocket fuel, consisting of particles of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxide, aluminum oxide, etc. Thus, during one launch of the Shuttle rocket complex, 225 tons of hydrogen chloride, about 88 tons of nitrogen oxides, and 310 tons of aluminum oxide enter the atmosphere.

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Formation of acid rain. Sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere undergoes a series of chemical transformations leading to the formation of acids. Partially, sulfur dioxide as a result of photochemical oxidation is converted into sulfur oxide (VI) (sulfuric anhydride) SO3: 2 SO2 + O2 ↔ 2 SO3, which reacts with atmospheric water vapor, forming aerosols of sulfuric acid: SO3 + H2O → H2 SO4H2SO4 ↔ H+ + HSO4 -The main part of the emitted sulfur dioxide in humid air forms acidic polyhydrate SO2 nH2O, which is often called sulfurous acid H2 SO3:SO2 + H2O → H2 SO3H2SO3 ↔ H+ + HSO3 -Sulfurous acid in humid air is gradually oxidized to sulfuric acid: 2H2 SO3 + O2 → 2 H2 SO4 Aerosols of sulfuric and sulfurous acids condense in atmospheric water vapor and cause acid precipitation. They make up about 2/3 of acid precipitation. The rest is accounted for by aerosols of nitric and nitrous acids formed during the interaction of nitrogen dioxide with atmospheric water vapor: 2NO2 + H2O→ HNO3 + HNO2 HNO3 ↔ H+ +NO3-HNO2 ↔ H+ +NO2-

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Negative ecological and biological consequences of acid rain: Deterioration of atmospheric visibility Acidification of freshwater bodies and reduction of fish stocks Acidification of soils and reduction of their fertility Damage and death of forest formations Destruction of certain species of animals Acceleration of corrosion of bridges, dams, metal structures Harm to human health Acceleration of destruction of world architectural monuments

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Acidification of lakes Freshwater lakes in Canada, the USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia and other countries have suffered from acid precipitation. Thus, in Canada, more than 14,000 lakes are acidified, in the eastern part of the USA - about 9,000, in Sweden - more than 6,500 reservoirs, in Norway - 5,000. In Russia, the lakes of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula were especially affected by acid precipitation. On the Kola Peninsula, 37% of the surveyed lakes are highly acidified, and about 30% of water bodies are at risk of acidification. In many lake ecosystems, an increase in water acidity (a decrease in pH value) has led to the degradation of fish populations and other aquatic organisms.

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Soil acidification Acid rain has a negative impact on soils: - Reduces soil fertility. At a pH value less than 5.0, a progressive decrease in their fertility begins, and at pH = 3, they become practically infertile. - Reduce the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Most bacteria and fungi prefer a neutral environment. At pH = 6.2, the number of bacteria in 1 g of soil is 13.6 x 106, and at pH = 4.8 - 4 x 106. - They wash out many nutrients from the soil. This leads to a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops (cotton, tomatoes, grapes, citrus fruits, etc.) by an average of 20-30%. Russia, which has more than 50 million hectares of acidified soils, annually loses agricultural yields in the amount of 16-18 million . tons in terms of grain.

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Impact on forest formations Due to precipitation: - plant growth has decreased and natural reforestation has deteriorated; - plant resistance to drought, frost and salinity has decreased; - the processes of transpiration, respiration and photosynthesis were disrupted. An increase in the area of ​​damaged and dead forests was noted in Europe: in 1860 they occupied about 1000 hectares, now - over 50 million hectares. In Russia, outbreaks of pests and diseases annually cover up to 4 million hectares of forest formations. In Sweden, Spain, Austria, the share of degraded forests is 22-39%, in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Great Britain, Norway - it reaches 49-71% of the total forest area. In Western Europe, coniferous species (Norway spruce) are particularly affected by acidification. The supply of sulfur and nitrogen compounds changes the chemical composition of soils and the nutritional regime of plants. Violation of the diet leads to discoloration and drying out of conifers. This process affected not only coniferous species, but also broad-leaved formations (oak, beech, sycamore, hickory, etc.).

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Harm to human health Aerosol particles from acid deposition pose a particular danger to human health. Large particles are retained in the upper respiratory tract. Small (less than 2 microns) droplets, consisting of a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids, penetrate into the most remote areas of the lungs. With these aerosols, carcinogenic heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, lead) can enter the body. Thus, during the tragic London fog of 1952, more than 4,000 deaths were attributed to the increased content of sulfur oxides and sulfate particles in the humid air. In acidified lakes of the USA, Norway, and Finland, high concentrations of mercury in fish tissues were noted. The harm that eating such fish causes to the body is obvious; when consumed, it causes various diseases contaminated with acids (Minamata disease) in people. precipitation of water.

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Damage to world architectural monuments Due to acid precipitation, the Colosseum and St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Delphi (the sanctuary of Apollo), temples and tombs in industrial areas of Japan, etc. are destroyed. The huge stone obelisk of Cleopatra, transported from Egypt to Great Britain, suffered more severe damage due to acid precipitation during its 85 years in London than in 3,000 years in Alexandria. The leader in the impact of acid rain on buildings and architectural structures in Western Europe is Manchester, where in 20 months. acid precipitation dissolved more than 120 g of stone (sandstone, marble, limestone) from 1 m2 of structures. Next come Antwerp (Netherlands) - losses of more than 100 g/m2 - and cities such as Athens, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, where acid rain dissolved 20-40 g of stone from every 1 m2 of construction. (According to the University of Dublin (Ireland)

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Today, no one doubts that acid rain is one of the causes of the death of life in water bodies, forests, crops, and vegetation. In addition, acid rain destroys buildings and cultural monuments, pipelines, renders cars unusable, reduces soil fertility and can lead to toxic metals leaking into aquifers.

Presentation on the topic "Acid rain" in chemistry in powerpoint format. The presentation talks about the processes of sulfur combustion, the formation of acid rain and their effect on plants.

Fragments from the presentation

• Sulfur and nitrogen oxides are formed during the combustion of coal, oil, and during the operation of cars. Sulfur dioxide is also released during volcanic eruptions.
• Dissolving in atmospheric moisture, they cause “acid rain”, which affects vegetation, destroys living organisms in water bodies, causes illness in people, and destroys metal structures and building materials.
• Therefore, it is very important to understand the cause of acid rain and learn how to prevent its occurrence.

Purpose of the work

• Study the processes of sulfur combustion: a) in air, b) in oxygen
• Study the dissolution of sulfur combustion products in water
• Find out how acid rain is formed
• Study their effect on plants

What is needed for the experiment Burning sulfur in the air:

• Sulfur color (sulfur powder)
• Glass cylinder
• Burning spoon
• Watch glass
• Alcohol lamp
• Take sulfur powder into a spoon
• Light the sulfur in a spoon in the flame of an alcohol lamp
• We bring a spoon with burning sulfur into the cylinder
• We observe white smoke from burning sulfur

Adding water

What is needed for the experiment Combustion of sulfur in oxygen:

• Sulfur color (sulfur powder)
• Hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide (to produce oxygen)
• Glass cylinder
• Burning spoon
• Watch glass
• Alcohol lamp
• Green plant leaf (chlorophytum)
• Pour approximately 10 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution into the cylinder, add manganese dioxide
• The release of oxygen begins according to the reaction 2H2O2 = 2H2O + O2 (manganese dioxide is a catalyst for the reaction)
• Pour sulfur into a spoon and set it on fire in the flame of an alcohol lamp.
• We introduce a spoon with lit sulfur into the cylinder and oxygen
• Sulfur burns with a bright purple flame
• White smoke is produced

Adding water

• Using a rinser, pour water into the cylinder
• Place a leaf of the green plant Chlorophytum into the resulting solution.
• Cover the cylinder with a watch glass and leave for a day

In a day

The photo shows how severely damaged the leaves of chlorophytum are when exposed to “acid rain”

Added litmus, chalk and magnesium

• Using a pipette, drop 2 drops of “acid rain”, a solution of sulfur combustion products in water, onto strips of red and blue litmus paper
• Dropping “acid rain” onto a piece of chalk
• Dripping “acid rain” onto magnesium shavings
• Red litmus paper remained unchanged, but blue litmus paper turned red
• The chalk bubbles, carbon dioxide is released
• Magnesium began to dissolve and hydrogen was released

Conclusions

• During the experiment, oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide does not occur. But this reaction occurs in the atmosphere and in industry when heated in the presence of a catalyst.
• Acid rain destroys plant cells and dissolves magnesium and chalk.
• Metal parts and architectural monuments, if they are constantly exposed to acid rain, will be destroyed (due to corrosion).
• To prevent acid rain, sulfur dioxide impurities must be captured (from the pipe).

The main cause of acid rain is the presence of

Earth sulfur dioxide SO 2 and nitrogen dioxide NO 2 , which as a result

chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere are converted into, respectively

sulfuric and nitric acids, the fall of which on the surface of the earth has

influence on living organisms and the ecotype as a whole.

Acid rain corrodes metals, paints, synthetic compounds, and destroys architectural monuments. Plants suffer the most from acid rain. However, the acid does not directly damage the trees. Acid precipitation causes leaf diseases and acidifies the soil, leaching nutrients from it and saturating it with toxic compounds.

The impact of acid rain on humans is also not only direct. Of course, microparticles of sulfates and nitrates contained in the air increase the risk of an asthma attack, bronchitis, and harm the cardiovascular system. Fish also die due to acid rain.

• One of the main methods of control is the installation at each enterprise of expensive treatment facilities, the filters of which will prevent the emissions of heavy metals and dangerous oxides.
• Another way to solve the problem is to reduce the number of vehicles in large cities in order to reduce exhaust emissions.
• In addition, forests should be restored rather than cut down, polluted water bodies should be cleaned, and garbage should be recycled rather than burned.