Hardcover designation. What parts does the book consist of? Let's take the book apart. Books and notepads with plastic and metal springs
then it is glued to the first or last page of the notebook; such an illustration is called gluing. An illustration attached to any other page of the notebook is called an insert. Additional elements that are not glued, but thrown over the notebook, are called capes, and those that are inserted are called tabs.
Fractional part of the sheet- a notebook with a different number of pages than the main notebooks of the book block; their volume (from 4 to 28 pages) must be a multiple of four.
A complex notebook is the same simple notebook, only additional elements are added to it (endpaper, fractional part of the sheet).
Blocks in publications up to 80 pages consist of one or more notebooks nested one inside the other (inset assembly, Fig. 4-1, a), and the cover, when stitching publications, is most often secured to the block with metal staples. Blocks in larger editions are completed from notebooks placed sequentially on top of each other (Fig. 4-1, b), i.e., a selection. In this case, the cover is glued only to the spine of the block or to the spine and partially to the first and last pages of the block.
Rice. 4-1. Brochures: a - complete with insert; b - completed with a selection
2. Construction of books in a binding cover
2.1. External elements of the book block
The hardbound book (Figure 4-2) is designed to last for a long time. It consists of a book block enclosed in a binding cover.
1 - book notebooks;
2 - flyleaf;
3 - radicular material;
4 - captal;
5 - paper strip; b - ribbon bookmark (lasse); 7 - cardboard side; 8 - covering material;
9 - spacing (distance between cardboard sides); 10 - backlog;
11 - spacing (distance between the cardboard side and the gap); 12 - edge
Rice. 4-2. Construction of a book edition in a binding cover:
B - book block; K - binding cover.
TO external elements of a book block in a binding cover include: endpaper, spine, spine material, paper strip, captal, edges and ribbon bookmark (lasse).
Endpapers (Fr, Fig. 4-3, a) are two four-page sheets of paper, one of which is attached to the first and the other to the last notebook of the block. That is, one endpaper is pre-
It is a sheet folded into one fold. The first serves to connect the first sheet of the block to the front side of the lid, the second - to connect the last sheet to the back side of the lid. In addition, the endpaper is an element of the book's decoration and covers the reverse side of the binding cover. Endpapers can vary in design and design.
The block is cut on three sides, and the fourth side of the block is radicular or spine (Kr, Fig. 4-3, a). Notebooks are usually held together along the spine folds with thread. Depending on the type of design, the spine can be straight (Fig. 4-3, c), round (Fig. 4-3, d) and mushroom-shaped (Fig. 4-3, e). On the spine there is a spine material - gauze or other material replacing it (Km), which protrudes beyond the thickness of the block and forms valves on each side, which serve to fasten the block to the binding cover. Gauze flaps cover the spine portion of the endpaper. On top of the gauze, a paper strip (Bp) and a fabric braid with a thickened colored edge - captal (K) are glued to the spine.
The ends (front, top and bottom) of a book block are called edges. The front edge, depending on the shape of the spine, can be straight or concave. Very often, to improve the artistic design of the book and prevent contamination of the edges, they are painted over.
For ease of use of the book, some publications have a ribbon bookmark. The bookmark tape (L) is a braid, one end of which is attached to the upper part of the spine of the block, and the second is inserted inside the block and extends beyond the edges of the bottom edge.
Rice. 4-3. Design of a book in a binding cover: a - book; b - block;
V - straight spine; g - concave spine; d - mushroom-shaped root;
B - book block; PC - binding cover; C - dust jacket; Fr - flyleaf; Fn - frontispiece; T - title; Kr - spine; L - ribbon bookmark; Km - radicular material; BP - paper strip; K - captal
2.2. Internal elements of a book block
In addition to the pages of the main text, the book block contains the following additional internal elements of the book block: title page, front title, counter title, front page of the title page, back page of the title page, title page, frontispiece.
On the title page post the main output information that allows you to distinguish the publication from all others.
Imprint- texts placed in the most prominent places of the publication (cover, title page, binding, end page) containing basic brief information about the publication, its brief individual characteristics and individual codes, facilitating its processing in a bookstore and library, as well as reader search.
The imprint contains the name of the author, editor, artist, title of the book, its circulation, volume, format and annotation; printing method; the name of the enterprise where the book was printed and other data necessary for consumer information, bibliographic processing of the book and statistical accounting. They are usually placed on the back of the title page or on the last page of the book.
Imprint - part of the publication's output information, which includes three elements: 1) place of publication; 2) name of the publisher (name of the publishing house); 3) year of publication. These elements are given in the specified sequence and form the output area of the bibliographic description. According to GOST 7.4-85, they are required to be placed at the bottom of the title page.
Graduation data- part of the output information, which gives the production and technical characteristics of the publication, the date of its production, the name and address of the publishing house and printing house. The composition of the release data of book, periodical and continuing publications according to GOST 7.4-95 is as follows:
1) publishing license number and date of issue;
2) date of delivery for typesetting (when the original layout is submitted to the printing house, signed for printing, the original layout is omitted);
3) date of printing;
4) publication format;
5) type of paper;
6) font typeface for the main text;
7) main printing method;
8) volume of publication in printed sheets;
9) circulation;
10) order number of the printing company;
11) name (name) and full postal address of the publishing house (publisher);
12) name and full postal address of the printing company.
Many books use a single (two-page) title page T (Fig. 4-3, a), the main text of which occupies one page. In multi-volume, serial, and also specially designed publications, it is used double title page, which typically consists of four pages:
1) front title - the first page of a double title. The front title contains part of the output information: the name of the organization on behalf of which the publication is published; data of the series in which the publication is included, if the publication is serial. If there is no such data, then they either print some data (author, title, name of the publisher), or print a publisher’s mark, motto, image that sets the reader in the right mood, a kind of epigraph to a series or book, etc.;
2) counter-title - the second page of the double title. It contains:
or general output information for the entire multi-volume or serial publication;
or the imprint of the original edition of the translated work being released, if it is published in translation for the first time;
3) front page title page- third page of double title. On it according to GOST 7.4–95 required (from top to bottom in order of list):
title;
subtitle data: subject subtitle; literary genre; type of publication; volume number, name of its author (if the volumes have different authors), title of the volume; name of the editor (head of the publication);
output data;
4) back of title page. GOST 7.4–95 allows transferring to it
With front page of the title page of book editions:
name of the compiler(s);
name of the responsible (scientific) editor;
composition of the editorial board;
names of the illustrator and photographer in illustrated publications;
name of the graphic designer;
in the serial publication, the year the series was founded and the names of the persons who participated in the creation of the entire series (editor, compiler, artist of the series and members of the editorial board of the series).
IN In multi-volume editions, the left page refers to the entire publication, and the right page refers to a given volume. In translated editions, the left page of the title is printed in the language in which it was written by the author, and the right page is printed in the language into which this publication is translated.
Frontispiece - a page with an image that forms a spread with the front page of the title page and this image itself (Fig. 4-4). The image must be of a general nature and relate to the entire publication as a whole.
Rice. 4-4. Frontispiece of the miniature collection
Shmuttitul - a sheet on the front page of which (right page of the spread) only the title of the work or the title of the part is placed, sometimes accompanied by an image, epigraph, headings of subordinate subsections, and the back is either left blank or sealed with text (occupied by the initial page of the work or subsection).
2.3. Characteristic stripes of the publication
A page is a sealed area of a publication page on which the layout of text and visual material is located, along with a header and other elements.
Book strips, according to their location in the block, can be: initial (or descending), row and end (Fig. 4-5). Initial, or descent strip(b) is the first page of the book or its parts (chapters, sections). The text on such a strip usually begins with some indentation (descent) from the top edge. This gap can be filled with some kind of ornament or be equipped with a picture - a screensaver.
Rice. 4-5. Characteristic pages of the publication: a - title; b - descent strip; c - end strip; g - ordinary strip.
The end strip (c) is the last strip at the end of a book or section. She is usually not completely occupied with the text. An ending in the form of a decoration or design can be placed in its lower part. All other stripes are ordinary (d) (full), which are text (completely filled with text), pictorial (filled with images with or without captions) and text-figurative (text with images).
Book spine- the side part of the book, it can have bandages, embossing, it can be round or straight.
Captal is an intertwined braid that covers the spine of a book block by 1-2 mm, serves to decorate and hide assembly defects.
Lasse - a ribbon bookmark, 5 mm wide, has many different colors.
Endpaper is a sheet folded in half, which is glued to the first page of the book and glued to the cover (binding cover).
Nachsatz is the same endpaper, only attached to the last page of the block.
Title page - a sheet to which the flyleaf is glued; the author, title of the book, and publisher are indicated on it.
The backlog is the spine. It has a thickness of 0.5 - 3 mm, and is made of bookbinding or cellulose cardboard.
Rastas - a book has 2 rastas, this is the distance from the spine of the book to the cardboard side.
Cardboard side- a hardcover book has 2 cardboard sides, which are covered with binding materials and form a binding cover.
Binding cover- cardboard covered with binding material (or paper), which has a thickness of 0.5 - 5 mm, consists of 2 cardboard sides, 2 borders and 1 margin.
Binding material- the material, as a rule, is paper-based, which has increased strength (compared to 7b and 7bts paper binding), requires an expensive type of printing on the cover - embossing, because Printing on such a cover is impossible, with the exception of UV printing (direct printing on any materials), which is used very rarely, because has a number of negative qualities - fragility, cracks, low quality, expensive for large quantities.
Types of book bindings
Binding is the hard covering of a book block. In contrast to the cover, it is more reliable and durable, looks more solid, and also provides more opportunities for creating an unusual and bright external design of the publication. The cost of printing services for the production of binding is significantly higher than that of covers.The standard describes 5 types, differing in the design of the binding cover and the materials used.
Book binding design
When talking about binding, one should keep in mind not only the “cover” of the book itself, but also the endpaper, captal, and gauze flaps connecting it to the block.Each of the five types of coating is a special design. Common to all types is a solid cardboard base. Lids are made by hand or on lid making machines and are joined to the block during the insertion process. Insertion is a very important operation; the slightest distortion leads to defects.
A flyleaf is a sheet of thick flyleaf paper folded in half (offset paper weighing 100–180 g/m3 is often used), one half glued to the cardboard side, and the edge of the second half to the first page of the book (title page or front title). Usually the first and last notebook of the block is printed first in order to glue the endpaper in advance for better drying.
This part performs a critical function: it connects the stitched block and the binding cover. This explains the high demands placed on endpaper paper (high tensile strength, sufficient degree of whiteness, small twist angle when moistened, etc.) and, in particular, on its cutting (the fold line must coincide with the machine direction of the paper - this prevents premature wear and a gap at the fold). The flyleaf can be sealed (plot or fill) or unsealed; sealing significantly affects the price of printing services, but at the same time makes the publication more presentable.
In addition to these basic elements, we should also mention printing gauze (sometimes spunbond polymer material is used), which is used to cover the spine for a more reliable connection of notebooks and to increase strength during insertion.
Another element is the captal - a narrow strip of fabric with a wide edge, “peeking out” from under the covering in the upper and lower parts. Most often, a white captal is used, but sometimes colored braid is glued for decoration purposes.
In art and some other publications you can often see a lasse - a ribbon bookmark glued under the captal. Gluing the strap is a manual operation, so it increases the price of printing services for the production of books.
Basic types of book binding
GOST 22240-76 “Bookbinding covers and lids. Classification" describes 4 types of covers and 5 types of bindings.
Type No. 5 is a composite binding cover: the sides are covered with one material and then connected to the back with another, most often woven. The difficulty in its manufacture means that this type is not very common and is used in the manual production of art publications. The same can be said about options 8 and 9.
No. 6 - a one-piece lid consisting of thick cardboard. It can be supplemented with valves. This type is also called Dutch or integral binding. Recently it has become widespread, especially in the production of educational literature, because it is reliable, but lighter, since the cardboard used is thinner than ordinary bookbinding cardboard. This also helps to reduce the price of printing services and the cost of materials.
No. 7 is a one-piece binding cover, the most common nowadays. It consists of cardboard sides and back, connected by a covering material, which is most often coated paper coated with a glossy or matte laminate, less often - offset paper, vinyl, calico, leather, leather, fabric, flock, etc. 
The margin is a narrow paper (for a round spine) or cardboard (for a straight spine) strip. The width of the margin is equal to the thickness of the book block. The cardboard sides are located on the covering material on both sides of the gap at a distance of 7–8 mm. This distance is called separation. The covering material is cut with allowances of 15–17 mm on each side; these allowances are folded, forming a kind of frame. Subsequently, the endpaper is glued to this frame.
No. 8 - binding cover with overlay sides and overlay spine. The sides and spine are covered separately, and on the sides the covering layer is folded on 4 sides, and on the spine - at the top and bottom. 
No. 9 - composite cover with edged spine. The sides and spine are covered with different types of material, with the spine having a border.
The choice of one type or another is determined by the publisher’s intentions and the purpose of the publication. External design affects the cost of printing services and the level of material costs because some of its options involve manual production.
—
Binding cover- This is the main element of binding.
The binding cover is made of thick sheets of cardboard, previously pasted over with laminated paper, leatherette, leather, fabric and other binding materials. The connection between the prepared stitched book block and the binding cover occurs using the endpaper and endpaper. For an additional strong connection between the block and the lid, the spine of the book block is glued with fabric, which in turn is attached to the lid. The ends of the spine of the book block are decorated using captals.
—
Flyleaf, nachsatz – necessary binding elements, consisting of paper sheets that are glued to the inside of the binding cover and to the inside edge of the book block. The flyleaf and endpaper also serve as additional artistic elements in the design of the book. They can be made from designer paper or printed with plot drawings according to the theme of the book.
—
Lasse- a narrow ribbon in a book for bookmarking pages. A special tape is inserted between the pages and glued to the spine of the book block.
Captal – tape with a thick edge that secures and protects the top and bottom edges of the spine of a book block. The captal is matched to the tone of the cover and also serves as a decorative element in the design of the book.
Gilding (silvering) of the edge- gives the book a presentable, exclusive look. Finishes such as tinting or printing the edge to match the binding are intended for publications with a distinctly distinctive personality.
—
Block printing on designer papers.
Light textured or tinted papers are an ideal solution for printing historical and artistic publications. Such books are a pleasure to read and give as gifts.
Classmates
From this article you will learn
- What types of hardcover are there?
- What types of softcover do printing houses offer?
- What types of binding are used when decorating books?
- Which company is best to order binding?
Binding is a collection of components of a printed publication, the function of which is to connect the pages into a single block, protect against external damage and create an artistically designed cover. The second meaning of this word is the action of creating a finished printed product (it would be more accurate to say “bookbinding”). There are many types of binding in printing. Which one to choose when designing a particular publication is decided depending on its type and purpose. In this article, we invite you to study the main types of binding and get acquainted with the areas of their application.
What types of hardcover are used in printing?
The quality of the binding determines the ease of use of the printed product and its service life. In addition, the type of book binding is one of the factors determining the final cost of one copy of the publication. If you focus on reading comfort and durability, without taking into account the high cost, hardcover book covers will undoubtedly be the winner.
Binding 7BC (cellophaneized).
Making books with a type of binding such as 7BC involves using cardboard as a cover material, which is covered with a layer of polymer film. Its thickness is most often 32 microns, it can be either glossy or matte. The choice of one option or another is based on the designer’s intention, but it is worth considering that glossy lamination is cheaper. When creating this type of binding, offset and digital printing are used.
Type 7B binding in the production of book editions means the use of vinyl, leather, fabric, balacron, which is used to cover cardboard. It differs from 7BC in the use of embossing and embossing methods, that is, designs are applied using foil or extruded with a stamp.
Another hard binding type is integral, or Dutch. Its main difference from 7BC is the use of not two, but one sheet of cardboard covered with laminating film to make the cover. This method makes the production of publications faster and more economical, since there is no need to perform such labor-intensive procedures as gluing the margin and sides. Creasing is performed along the fold line to make the book easier to open. The thickness of the cover is determined by the type of cardboard and is selected individually for each publication. Other operations with this type of book binding are performed by analogy with hard binding.
The type of binding, which is called “French”, is characterized by the presence of a wide fabric or leather spine, as well as rounded corners. In the process of its creation, only manual labor is used; the block is sewn together with laces; this is a delicate work that requires a certain skill. Accordingly, this type of book binding costs more than others. Currently, it is used only for exclusive and gift editions.
An alternative type of binding is to connect the pages of the product using bolts. It is characterized by increased strength and long service life. Bolts are available in a wide range of colors, so you can choose the right option for any cover design. The length of the shortest bolt is 5 mm, and therefore the block that is being fastened cannot be less than 4 mm. If you lose sight of this point, the finished product will look unpresentable.
This type of binding is used in the production of photo albums. The block is protected at the top and bottom with cardboard sides, and the binding field is separated by a scoring line. There is another version of this type of binding - with solid strips along the width of the margin.
Winding on bolts allows you to design portfolios, presentations and reports in an original way. A stack of paper pages is encased in a cover made of cardboard or leatherette and secured with two or three bolts. This type of binding is appropriate when it is necessary to arrange a small number of copies of representative products, for example, catalogues. It is often preferred by customers when choosing types of binding for an album. It is also indispensable in the production of restaurant menus or price lists. This method of fastening makes it possible to replace individual pages with new ones without much difficulty. Metal and plastic bolts are used as fasteners.
Binding with double wire loop "Wire-O"
The leading role in creating this type of binding is played by wire formed into double loops. During the process of joining the pages, a special machine spreads the bottom edge of the loops and inserts them into blocks with pre-made holes, either round or square.
This type of binding is very popular among designers, although it has a significant drawback - it can only be used on products whose thickness does not exceed one inch. The pitch between the holes varies according to the thickness of the wire used.
A new type of binding that does not require either perforation of pages or the use of glue. A stack of paper with a cover is clamped using a metal “channel”, which allows you to instantly create a reliable and beautiful mount. In this case, it will not be possible to pull the sheet out from under the clamp.
If necessary, this type of binding can be used up to four times, opening and closing the “channel” again. The sheets of paper look just as perfect after it as they did before joining.
Premium photobook binding
When creating photo books, a special type of binding is used. It is characterized by double-page spreads - images of two adjacent pages are printed on one sheet. The spreads are creased, folded along the spine line, and then glued onto a cardboard or plastic base in a given sequence.
Modern materials make it possible to insert blocks with photographic images into binding covers of various designs and designs.
Soft bindings: economical solutions
In the process of making softcover books, the pages within the block are arranged either in notebooks or by collating. The result of the first option is an edition with a thread sewing inner block. In the second case, you get a book with an internal block on an adhesive seamless joint (CBS).
Soft bindings are the most common types of notebook bindings and types of magazine bindings.
When making soft binding, the inner block is attached to the cover, which is printed on offset or coated paper, the density of which is not less than 160–300 g/m2. A thinner cover will not allow the book to survive more than two or three readings. The cover can be connected to the block in several basic ways.
KBS (adhesive seamless connection)
With this type of binding, the cover is glued to the book block. To make the adhesive joint stronger, torsioning is used - transverse cuts are created on the spine of the block, which are filled with adhesive during the joining process.
Stapling
This type of binding, such as binding with staples, is suitable for making brochures consisting of a small number of printed strips. For the cover, paper with a density of 160–250 g/m2 is selected. Then it is connected to the block with two or three metal brackets.
Sheets for this type of binding must first be prepared. They are folded, after which they are folded in accordance with the page numbering and secured with staples. For this, a wire stitching machine is used, which is not available in every printing shop or mini-printing house. There may be several firmware options. The first is that the staples are installed along the fold line. This method is known as saddle stitch and is used when the book block contains no more than 128 pages. When the book is thicker, another option is used - stitching. The staples go right through the entire block along the edge of the foot.
A variation of saddle stitching can be called binding loop staples. In this case, a special stitching head is used. During the joining process, a loop is formed on the outside of the spine. It serves to hold the book in a removable cover (a regular folder with three split rings). There is no need to drill any holes in the book block.
When considering soft options for connecting pages, one cannot fail to mention the most common types of bindings for documents:
The oldest type of binding, which allows you to systematize various working documents, is their stitching, or lacing. It allows you to ensure the safety of all papers, eliminating the possibility of their replacement or unauthorized removal. Today, documents are stitched using threads and thermal cords, which are sealed for additional protection.
This type of binding is typical for creating all possible types of calendars, presentations and reports, as well as reports and abstracts. Documents containing accounting data are also bookleted.
Based on the materials used, there are several stitching options:
- Binding with a plastic spring is an inexpensive way to store documents in a single folder. Allows you to create large volumes. It is used when working with project documentation, for internal accounting needs, and when preparing reports. Paper sheets are stacked, plastic covers are added and connected using a special device;
- Binding with a metal spring guarantees a more reliable connection and is distinguished by the fact that when using it, pages can be rotated 360°. This binder is used for binding working documents or brochures.
Recent achievements include the following type of binding. Heat treatment protects documents, giving them a pleasant appearance. This method of connecting individual pages into a single whole is used when preparing coursework and diploma papers, dissertations, catalogs, and manuals. There are several options for thermal binding:
- hard - most common when creating albums, binding manuscripts and other documents for which it is important to ensure preservation in their original form;
- soft – widely used for the design of advertising materials and presentations.
What types of book binding are there?
Hard book binding guarantees long-term preservation of the publication and is distinguished by its aesthetic appearance. The concept of binding includes not only a cardboard cover, but also other elements without which its creation is not complete - endpapers, captals, gauze flaps.
Flyleaf is a sheet of thick paper, most often offset, the density of which is 100–180 g/m2. It is bent in half and glued with one half to the side, and the other to the first or last page of the publication. To give the endpaper time to dry as best as possible, the first and last notebooks of a book block are often printed first.
Left behind- this is a narrow strip of paper (for a round spine) or cardboard (for a straight spine).
A necessary binding element is drip- a narrow strip of fabric with a widened edge that peeks out from under the covering at the top and bottom of the cover. The most common type in bookbinding is white captal, but you can often see the use of colored braid for design purposes.
In reproduction albums, art books and some other publications they are sometimes used lasse– a bookmark in the form of a very narrow ribbon, fixed under the captal. The lasse is glued exclusively by hand, so the price of products with such a tab is invariably higher.
To keep the notebooks of the block more securely, use an auxiliary element such as printing gauze. It or spunbond, a polymer non-woven material, is used to cover the spine.
Types of hardcover used in printing production are described in GOST 22240–76 “Binding covers and lids. Classification":
No. 5 – composite binding cover: first, the sides are covered with one type of material, and then, with a gap, they are connected to another, made of fabric. The complexity of creating such a cover makes its use not very popular; it can be seen, for example, on art publications produced using manual labor. This makes this type of binding similar to options 8 and 9.
No. 6 – one-piece cover made from thick cardboard. Professionals call this type of binding integral or Dutch. In recent years, it has often been used in the production of educational publications. The cardboard used for lids is thinner than what is usually used for bookbinding. This reduces the cost of the product and reduces its weight, which is important for students who carry textbooks with them.
No. 7 – one-piece binding cover, is by far the most common type of binding. These are cardboard sides and back, which are connected by some kind of material - coated paper, vinyl, calico, lederin, leather, flock or fabric.
This type of binding is simple and inexpensive, and, therefore, is used when preparing coursework, diplomas and dissertations. Using the newly introduced channel binding technology, making your thesis look attractive in just a few minutes.
No. 8 – binding cover with overlay sides and overlay spine. Each side and spine are covered with material separately. On the sides it is folded on four sides, on the spine - on two sides, at the top and bottom.
No. 9 – composite cover with edged spine. The spine and sides are covered with various materials, and the spine is provided with a border.
