Artistic culture of Kievan Rus MHC. Culture of Kievan Rus. Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary

Slide 4

Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, pagan Rus' worshiped many gods. Baptism of Rus' in 988 It gave a powerful impetus to the development of artistic culture.

Slide 5

Questions to the text “Adoption of Christianity in Rus'”:

1. Name the reasons why Rus' accepts Orthodox (Byzantine) Christianity.
2. What is the significance of the adoption of Christianity for the development of Russian culture.
3. How did the process of acceptance of Christianity by the people take place?

Slide 6

• dome
• drum
• zakomara
• apse
• pillar
• Aisle
• Aisle
• Central nave
• Construction of a cross-domed church.

Slide 7

One of the oldest stone structures in Kyiv was the Church of the Tithes, erected in 989 - 996. In honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Reconstruction

Slide 8

Kyiv Sofia

The oldest architectural structure that has reached us is the St. Sophia Cathedral (built between 1017 - 1037).

This temple was built during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise with the help of Greek craftsmen.

Slide 9

The cathedral was made of red brick alternating with pink cement.

Slide 10

The multi-domed structure is a distinctive feature of the St. Sophia Cathedral. One large and twelve smaller domes symbolize Christ and his twelve disciples.

Slide 11

The abundance of spans and arches of various types is an essential feature of the premises of the St. Sophia Cathedral.

Slide 12

The spans and arches seem to “rhyme” with each other, grow, widen and end in the vast space under the dome with a huge triumphal arch framing the altar.

Slide 13

Inside the building, the dome was perceived not as the largest volume, but as the highest space, as the main source of light.

Slide 14

Inside the cathedral, high in the center under the dome itself, Christ Pantocrator (Pantocrator) is depicted.

Slide 15

The grandiose figure of Our Lady Oranta (praying), raising her hands to her Divine Son in prayer for the human race, is located in the apse.

Slide 16

Eucharist

Slide 17

Above the altar, as a prototype of the liturgy taking place in the temple, it is depicted how the apostles with outstretched hands approach the altar; Christ gives them wine and bread.

Slide 18

Slide 19

The main images of the St. Sophia Cathedral are made in mosaics and are concentrated in the central, most ceremonial and bright part of the temple. The range of subjects gave an idea of ​​the Christian doctrine, clearly expressing the understanding of the heavenly hierarchy as a similarity to the earthly hierarchy.

Slide 20

The mosaics depicting the church fathers are distinguished by their exceptional subtlety of colorful shades. Radiant colors bring something bright to these strict images.

Slide 21

• Christ the Priest
• Our Lady

Slide 22

• Gregory the Wonderworker
• Gregory of Nyssa

Slide 23

Archangel

Slide 24

MHK-10

Lesson No. 16-17

Art of Kievan Rus

D.Z.: Chapter 16, creative workshop back. 1.3 page 167

© A.I. Kolmakov

LESSON OBJECTIVES

• introduce the art of Kievan Rus;
• expand your horizons and skills in analyzing works of art;
• to cultivate national consciousness and self-identification, respect for the culture of our ancestors, for their cultural heritage.

CONCEPTS, IDEAS

• icon painting;
• icon;
• symbolism of the temple;
• cathedral;
• cross-domed type of temple;
• paganism;
• plinth;
• temlyanka;
• choir;
• facade;
• 13- and 5-domed cathedrals

Universal learning activities

• explore the origins of Russian artistic culture; find characteristic features of ancient Russian art in modern artistic culture; create a model of one of the architectural structures of the Kievan Rus era in one of the artistic techniques; search for information about the architecture of Kievan Rus in various sources (dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias, books on art history, monographs, the Internet, etc.); conduct a comparative analysis of the architectural appearance of the St. Sophia Cathedrals in Constantinople, Kyiv and Veliky Novgorod

LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

• Architecture of Kievan Rus.

Lesson assignment. What significance does the art of Kievan Rus have for World civilization and culture?

sub-questions

• The closest connection between the artistic culture of medieval Rus' and paganism and the most important historical events. Creative rethinking of the artistic traditions of Byzantium and Western Europe.
• Architecture of Kievan Rus. The main features of the architecture of Kievan Rus. Masterpieces of architecture. Architecture of Veliky Novgorod: characteristic features and masterpieces.

The closest connection between the artistic culture of medieval Rus' and paganism, Christianity and the most important historical events.

• The entire culture and art of medieval Rus', from the 10th century to the end of the 17th century. Inextricably linked by the church and the Christian faith, which the Russian people, following their Byzantine teachers, called Orthodox, i.e. correct

Architecture - a form of art,

which enters the sphere of spiritual culture, aesthetically shapes a person’s environment, expresses social ideas in artistic images.

Stone architecture,

which is related to

Christian Russia

Wooden architecture,

which goes back to

Pagan Rus'

Wooden architecture

• multi-tiered buildings
• crowning with turrets and towers
• the presence of various types of extensions - cages, passages, canopies
• artistic carving decoration

“Two Horsemen”. 11th-12th century. Fragment of decoration of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv.

Stone architecture

• Construction of churches in the image and likeness of the cross-domed temple of the Greeks(a square dissected by four pillars forms its basis; rectangular cells adjacent to the dome space form a cross)

Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary

(Tithe Church).

986–996 Kyiv.

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• The first church built in Kyiv was dedicated to the Holy Mother of God and was popularly called the Tithe Church, because Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same.

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction by Yaroslav the Wise of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. (Sophia is the wisdom of God).

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• The eleventh century is called the century of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, the churches of St. Sophia were built in Novgorod and Polotsk. Although they were built on the model of the “big sister,” local construction features transformed them beyond recognition.

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• Three Sophias of Kyiv, Novgorod, Polotsk (plans) with 12 cross and internal pillars (highlighted in black) - symbols of the 12 Apostles - the pillars of the church.

St. Sophia Cathedral is a combination of Slavic and Byzantine traditions.

Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kiev-

monument of ancient Russian architecture,

the main thing is church and public

building of Kievan Rus. Founded in 1037. Initially, the cathedral was a cross-domed church with thirteen chapters. The walls of the temple were made of red bricks - plinths , gray granite stone and pink cement mortar - a mixture of lime, sand and crushed brick.

St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod

St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod – monument of ancient Russian architecture; built in 1045 - 1050 under Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich in Detinets - the central fortified part of the city on the higher, left bank of the Volkhov. It was built on the model of Sophia of Kyiv. Circular porches and a staircase tower with an additional chapter in the southern part of the western porch expand the space of the cathedral. The cathedral was built mainly from stone.

St. Sophia Cathedrals in Polotsk and Chernigov.

St. Sophia Cathedral in

Chernigov

St. Sophia Cathedral

in Polotsk

Golden Gate in Kyiv.

Golden Gate- a fortress tower with a wide (7.5 m) passage. They were intended for a solemn, ceremonial entry into the capital from the southern side. Due to their significance, they were made of stone. They were built using the mixed masonry technique, which was widely used in ancient Rome.

Layers of stones were interspersed with leveling rows plinths (brick ) linked tsemlyaka. On the gate there was a battle platform with several rows of loopholes. The Golden Gate was crowned by the gate church of the Annunciation. The Golden Gate has not survived. They were recreated in 1982 according to the restoration project of I. Lopushanskaya and S. Vysotsky.

The Three Sophias turned into three “cornerstones” of Holy Rus', laid in the X-XI centuries by St. Olga, St. Vladimir, wise Yaroslav in Kyiv, Polotsk, Novgorod.

The Holy and Wise temple builders obviously believed and hoped that “Wisdom” would forever contribute to the unity of the Russian people, the integrity of the Russian land, the Russian Orthodox Church.

Icon (cf. Greek “image”, “image”) - in Christianity (mainly in Orthodoxy, Catholicism and ancient Eastern churches) a sacred image of persons or events of biblical or church history

The fine arts of medieval Rus' are represented mainly by icon painting. An icon is a sacred image of Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, saints, angels, and events of sacred history. According to the teachings of the church, an icon is a visible symbolic image of God.

The most famous icon painters of medieval Rus' were Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, Simon Ushakov, who not only created icons, but also painted churches.

First books

The first books created in Rus' were handwritten and date back to the end of the 9th century. Books in Rus' have always been considered of great value. They were cherished and decorated with priceless paintings and miniatures, precious metals and semi-precious stones.

The art of medieval Rus'

• God-man
• Faith
• The church, for the maintenance of which Prince Vladimir gave a tenth of his income.
• “ God's wisdom"
• Material for creating mosaics.
• A panel made of colored glass and semi-precious stones.
• The most enduring art form.
• The name of a Greek artist who lived in Russia and worked in the icon painting genre.
• The main genre of fine art of medieval Rus'.
• What does the burgundy cloak of the Virgin Mary symbolize?
• The capital of Rus' in the 10th century.
• Varnish used to cover icons.

• Today I found out...
• It was interesting...
• It was difficult...
• I learned...
• I was able...
• I was surprised...
• I wanted...

• You can use the presentation template: Shumarina Vera Alekseevna, teacher of GKS(K)OU S(K)OSH No. 11 VIII kind. Balashov. Website: http :// pedsovet.su /

Lesson summary on MHC in 10th grade

"Artistic culture of Kievan Rus"

Objective of the lesson:

Educational:

To introduce students to the cultural monuments of Kievan Rus.

To form a concept of the influence of Byzantium on the culture of Ancient Rus', the creative processing of traditions and the originality of Russian culture.

To acquaint students with the cross-dome system of temple construction, the main architectural elements, and the painting system.

Characterize the level of development of fine arts and artistic crafts in Rus'.

Educational:

To form a perception of ancient Russian culture as an integral part of national Russian culture.

To develop an interest in studying the history of Russia and folk art.

Educational:

Be able to determine the artistic merits of architectural monuments.

Be able to describe and analyze new works of art.

Be able to express your attitude towards monuments of culture and art.

Teaching methods:

Exhibition method.

A method for comparing and contrasting monuments of ancient Russian architecture.

Method of historical analysis of the phenomena under consideration.

Type of lesson:

A lesson-research that helps to awaken interest, develops a thirst for learning new things, and involves students in the creative process.

Lesson structure:

Class organization.

Updating basic knowledge on the topic “Byzantine Art”.

Summing up and conclusions.

Grading.

Homework.

Equipment and materials:

reproductions depicting cultural monuments of Kievan Rus.

Glossary of terms: cross-domed church, nave, apse, dome, drum, sail, altar, support, choir, plinth, fresco, mosaic, smalt, Pantocrator, Oranta.

Dates: 988, 1037, 1052.

Personalities: Vladimir the Red Sun, Yaroslav the Wise.

Monuments of culture and art: Cathedral of St. Sophia of Kyiv, Cathedral of St. Sophia of Constantinople, Golden Gate, icon of Our Lady of Vladimir.

Epigraphs: Keeping the history of that...Kievan Rus,

We collect the true faith... fragments,

It’s already the eleventh century... we have to bear the cross

May God grant that Orthodox descendants will help...

I. Class organization.

(A musical fragment from “Fresco of Sophia of Kyiv” by V. Kikta plays)

SLIDE 1

Teacher's opening speech.

Teacher: Under the year 1037, the chronicler wrote: “Yaroslav laid down the great city, it has golden gates: lay down the church of St. Sophia...”. Indeed, Yaroslav built a new stone main city gate and called it Golden. Yaroslav built the Church of the Annunciation above the Golden Gate. He built the main city Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which he decorated with gold, silver, and icons. Tell me, what city did the prince rebuild? (KYIV). What do you think we will talk about in class today? (ARTISTIC CULTURE OF KIEVAN RUS)

SLIDE 2

Introductory conversation with students.

The concept of “culture” includes everything that has been created by the mind, talent and hands of the people over thousands of years. Monuments of cultural history are material evidence of centuries of experience in human development. They, as if in focus, reflect the development of the productive forces and artistic culture of society. Several stages can be distinguished in the culture of Ancient Rus'.

Writing in a notebook :

The culture of the Eastern Slavs is the tradition of paganism.

The culture of Kievan Rus is a synthesis of the achievements of the Eastern Slavs and the Christian culture of Byzantium.

The culture of the period of fragmentation - local schools were created on the basis of the culture of Kievan Rus.

Teacher. Conversation with students on the following questions:

How did Russian culture emerge? Will pagan spiritual traditions influence the development of culture after the adoption of Christianity?

What influenced its development?

How did Christianity influence the development of culture? - these issues will be the focus of our attention.

Answers. Russian culture evolved like the culture of all Eastern Slavs, while preserving pagan traditions. Rus' was open to influence. It was Byzantium that was first the subject of development, then the norm and role model, and then creatively reworked. Thus, its culture was synthetic, that is, it absorbed various cultural trends, while remaining original and retaining national features.

But before we begin our fascinating journey through Kievan Rus, let's outline the most important features of ancient Russian art.

2. Canonicity .

(Art was expressed in traditionally repeated plots, images, and means of artistic generalization. Each of the arts had its own set of canonical rules.)

3. Symbolism .

(The most striking feature of the special artistic language of ancient Russian art. With the help of symbols (signs), masters revealed images of heavenly spiritual reality that is hidden from the eyes of people living on earth).

Over the course of several lessons we will talk about the artistic culture of Medieval Rus'. The period of its existence spans over eight centuries. Its countdown begins from the middle of the 9th century and ends at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. Russian culture has its roots in the distant times of paganism. She inherited from the ancient Slavs the fundamental principles of the language, rich mythology, the art of carving all sorts of fancy figures and household items from wood, cutting down huts and erecting towers.

II. Updating basic knowledge on the topic “Byzantium”

SLIDE4.

Teacher. Byzantium had a huge influence on the development of Russian culture. Rus' accepts Christianity in its Orthodox version. When did this happen? How was it?

Answers. In 988. A story about Vladimir's embassy to all countries. Only in Byzantium did the ambassadors “feel like they were in heaven.”

Teacher. How did the adoption of Christianity occur in Rus'? Did the pagan Slavs accept him calmly? When and where could the following scene be observed: “They entered the water and stood there, some up to their necks, others up to their chests... some were holding babies, while adults were wandering... and countless people gathered there.” Another saying has been preserved: “Putyata baptized with fire, and Dobrynya with the sword.”

Played a huge role in the formation and development of ancient Russian art acceptance Christianity from Byzantium in 988 . Baptized Rus', together with religion, inherited rich artistic traditions: stone architecture, type of cross-domed church , mosaic and fresco compositions in the spaces of architectural structures, strict iconography rules (canon), marvelous chants , which are compared to angelic singing. The first teachers of Russians were Greeks. But that doesn't mean that Old Russian culture blindly imitated the Byzantine, she brought something yours , originally Russian. For example, architects introduced features of national architecture into the overseas style, originating from the wooden architecture of Rus', which is characterized by stately simplicity and elegant decorativeness of churches.

The Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv reached its highest prosperity under the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054). Large-scale construction began, especially in Kyiv. The most famous building that became Hagia Sophia (1037).

SLIDE 5

There were two people in your class problem groups , who will try to vividly present material about the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod. And we will all try to create together "Living Newspaper" the material of which will allow you to learn interesting intriguing facts on the topic being studied. During our lesson, please fill out comparative cards - characteristics of two magnificent cathedrals (cards are distributed to students)

CARDS – APPENDIX No. 1

The first problem group makes a presentation about the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv

SLIDE 6

A huge five-nave cross-domed church with 5 altar apses and 13 domes, covered on three sides by wide galleries, in the corners on the western side there are two staircase towers leading to the choir. The total area of ​​the cathedral is about 1300 m2, the height to the top of the main dome is 28.6 m, the total length is 41.7 m, the width is 54.6 m. The walls were elegantly laid out from plinth (flat red brick) using the technique with a recessed row interspersed with untreated stone. The masonry was held together with cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. Divine services were held in the cathedral, sermons were heard, and princes were enthroned. The temple was illuminated by long slit-like windows cut into the drums of the thirteen domes. Subsequently, the cathedral underwent a thorough reconstruction.

SLIDE 7

The mosaic of St. Sophia of Kyiv is of particular artistic value. She is admired for her magnificence. The mosaic occupies 260 m2. According to the canon, in the central dome there is a mosaic of Christ Pantocrator (Almighty), and around him are the figures of four archangels. Currently, one of them is mosaic, and the other three, in place of the lost ones, were painted by the artist M.A. Vrubel with oil paints.

SLIDE 8

In the central apse there is a mosaic image of Our Lady Oranta (Praying) with her arms raised wide. The Mother of God is dressed in festive blue and gold clothes, her hand gesture is perceived not only as an image of prayer, but also as the personification of the intercession of the baptized people, the protection of the city and the state. The people called Our Lady Oranta the Unbreakable Wall and believed that as long as Oranta remained intact, Kyiv, “the mother of Russian cities,” would stand. Also in the temple you can see the mosaic work “Annunciation. Mary", "Annunciation. Archangel Gabriel"

SLIDE 9

The frescoes of Sophia of Kyiv amaze with the perfection of their execution technique. The images of the apostles, archangels, evangelists and holy warriors look majestically and solemnly from the arches of the walls, domes, and staircases. The area of ​​the frescoes covers 3000 m2. A very interesting group among themportrait of the family of Prince Yaroslav the Wise , placed on three walls of the western part of the central nave. Previously, it depicted the Grand Duke with his wife, sons and daughters, handing over a model of St. Sophia Cathedral to Jesus Christ, seated in the center on a throne. At present, only the image of the prince's daughters humbly walking with candles in their hands has been preserved. On the walls of Hagia Sophia you can see the frescoes “The Descent into Hell”, “The Archangel”, “The Meeting of Righteous Elizabeth with the Blessed Virgin Mary”. Also in the cathedral there are frescoes with scenes of the daily life of princes: noisy feasts, dances, hunting, fights, bear baiting, circus performances with the participation of buffoons, acrobats, and mummers.

SLIDE 10Fresco "Buffoons".

Monumentality, laconicism, majesty, and the common character of the image are observed in the early icons of the 11th-12th centuries. The masters who created them were immigrants from Byzantium, from whom Russian craftsmen adopted experience.

SLIDE 11The 12th century icons “Savior Not Made by Hands” and “Golden Hair Angel” are made in the traditions of Kievan Rus. They have less traceable ascetic severity and restraint, which was inherent in Byzantine icons.

Teacher:

I suggest you start design of the “Living Newspaper” interesting facts about Sophia of Kyiv (students read out their findings and attach them to the newspaper)

Teacher: Veliky Novgorod was the second most important city in Kievan Rus, the residence of the heirs to the grand ducal throne. Novgorod art from the moment of his birth harmonized with the strict and solemn appearance of the Russian North and was distinguished by its bright originality. The characteristic features of Novgorod architecture were mixed masonry from local stone and plinths, single- and five-domed bulbous and helmet-shaped domes, decorative decoration of drums, splendor and splendor of interiors.

The second problem group makes a presentation about the Hagia Sophia in Novgorod.

SLIDE 12

The St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was built, as is known, in 1045-50. At least 10 thousand cubic meters of stone and brick were used to build the St. Sophia Cathedral. At the same time, the main mass of the walls is made of stones of local origin. Brick was used to cover the vaults.

SLIDE 13 The height of Sophia from the floor level to the cross on the central dome is 36.7 m, width – 39.3 m, length 34.5 m. A five-nave cross-domed church with five helmet-shaped asymmetrically located domes, closely grouped in the center. The uneven surfaces of the walls, cut through by windows in the form of narrow slits without frames, were perceived as a solid, impenetrable mass of stone. The walls of the temple in the 12th century were whitewashed, which gave the building integrity, massiveness, and strength. The appearance of the cathedral was distinguished by its simplicity, severity and asymmetry of forms.

SLIDE 14Very little fresco painting has survived in Sofia Novgorod. Above the western entrance to the cathedral there is a 70 m2 fresco painted in 1528. Painted on the wall are Abraham’s conversation with three angels, below Sophia, the Wisdom of God, and the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, and on the sides are two archangels. The original painting survived only in the central part. In the 1890s, the fresco was restored.

SLIDE 15 In the central dome of the temple there was a unique fresco “Christ Pantocrator”. It was destroyed in 1941 (historical summary from the Living Newspaper).

The icon of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul from the Hagia Sophia impressed with its dimensions of 236 x 150 cm. and an elegant silver frame. The apostles are depicted in full growth, with their inherent attributes (Paul with a book, Peter with the keys to paradise, a scroll and a staff - a symbol of power).

(Students continue to fill out the Living Newspaper columns with exciting material) SLIDE 16

Teacher: Having listened to very succinct information about the Hagia Sophia Cathedrals in Kyiv and Novgorod, I ask you to prepare cards with characteristics of two monuments of ancient Russian art for comparative analysis. What do their characteristics have in common? How are they significantly different from each other?

(Students draw conclusions according to the completed cards)

APPENDIX No. 1

At the end of our lesson, I would like to ask each of you what new you learned today, what information intrigued you, would you like to visit Kyiv and Novgorod to see these shrines, etc.

(At the end of the lesson, fragments from“Frescoes of Sophia of Kyiv” by V. Kikta. Students read the poem “Kievan Rus”)

I'm praying for you again
Holy Kievan Rus.
There is no sweeter land for me,
Than my native side,
Where near the Dnieper, like a lush garden,
Stands the mighty Kyiv-Grad.
Where the greenery is noisily having fun,
Playing with the wind. Where to frolic
Barefoot children, and a song flows along the Dnieper.
On the gold of the Lavra domes,
To merge with the ringing of bells,
And finally, go down
Under the Temple canopy, where they put candles,
And the whisper of old Russian speech
It accidentally comes out of your mouth,
And the incense smoke rises
Those words are prayer clouds.
Hear them, God Almighty!
Oh, holy Rus'! So that always
You shone like a bright star,
And she glorified Orthodoxy,
A lot of work has been put in
Human hopes and hopes,
Sacred prayers and suffering.
A lot of people died

For your glory and freedom.
And, it seemed, for hundreds of years
Your greatness and dawn...
Oh, Rus'! - I’ll ask you reproachfully,
Why are you broken by discord?!
Why does the prince say to the prince,
Why does the hour tell us to separate?!
And a formerly strong Power -
At the feet of the enemy. Where is the glory?
What a blind army of enemies
So made me tremble?!
The former cowards have become bold,
Bows and arrows are already ready,
To hit their hearts,
To take away their father from children,
And a son, so that his mother may lose,
To saturate the earth with blood.
Innocent blood... How to understand
Is your downfall to the end?
What is this? Providence of the Creator,
Or the mistake of our ancestors?
But everything is in the past. Drink the Chalice.
Don't ask for an answer
Why do I pray again in the night?
By the light of a wax candle
About something that is long gone.
You better put it out in your heart
Sadness about Kievan Rus.

APPENDIX No. 1

Card - characteristics of the Hagia Sophia Cathedrals in Kyiv and Novgorod

Teacher. So, the adoption of Christianity was a decisive turn, a break with the previous pagan tradition. Along with the new religion, a new artistic system comes to Rus'. The Byzantine system, built on a solid foundation of secular and ecclesiastical power, came in handy at the court of Prince Vladimir. To establish the power of the emerging state of Kievan Rus, art, and one of its types, turned out to be indispensable. What kind of art is this?

Answers. Architecture.

Teacher. Why this particular type of art?

Answers. The wooden buildings have not survived, but the stone buildings have been standing for about a thousand years.

Teacher. In the 10th century, stone construction began in Rus'. Rus' is called the country of cities. The great future of Kyiv was predicted by Andrei the First-Called. According to legend, he visited a city in Rus' and predicted: “There will be a great city here, and the Lord will erect many churches and sanctify the Russian land with baptism.” Did his prophecy come true?

Answers. Yes, that's exactly what happened. Kievan Rus became a powerful power.

Teacher. So, the luxury and solemnity of Byzantine architecture served as a model for the construction of stone cathedrals in Kyiv. Rus' adopted the cross-domed temple system from Byzantium (draw a diagram). In plan, such a temple is a square; inside there are 4 pillars or supports that support the dome. Thus, the main symbol of Christianity is visible in it - the cross and the dome as a symbol of heaven. This type of temple is also called a 4-pillar or pillar temple. What elements of the temple do you know?

Working with a tableI. Task: you can complete one of several types:

write down the names of the elements in a notebook;

show them in illustrations;

in a more complex game version - correlate the names and their definitions, connect them with arrows, because, as a rule, students name the elements randomly.

Teacher. It is known that the temple needs to be decorated. What is the artistic system of painting a Byzantine temple? Task: to establish a connection between the constructive and artistic elements of painting.

Working with Table II. The artistic system of painting the temple.

You can complete one of several types of assignments depending on the time allotted in the lesson. I offer three options for completing the task:

Invite students to create their own system for painting the temple. The task is completed in the “My painting system” notebook. Then we collectively find out which image corresponds to the place and role in the design of the temple. We write down “The Byzantine system” in our notebooks.

Call students to the board and offer to connect with arrows the elements of the temple and the images that, in their opinion, should be placed here. Then work with the class to determine the correct placement. Write down “Byzantine system” in your notebook.

Immediately perform it in the form of a game, explaining the constructive role of architecture and the placement of images of saints.

Conclusion: The artistic design of the temple reflects the constructive role of architecture.

III. Learning new material "Artistic culture of Kievan Rus."

Write down the plan.

Architecture

fine arts

Exercise. From this series of architectural monuments, select those known to students and answer the questions:

What are they called?

Where were they created?

What historical period do they belong to?

By what signs were they identified?

Figurative series: Parthenon, Colosseum, Sophia of Constantinople, Sophia of Kiev, Sophia of Novgorod.

Students perform the task. They must define the monuments of antiquity (Parthenon and Colosseum) as pagan, the rest as Christian.

Teacher. Today we will talk about Christian architectural monuments. Before us is the ancient and eternally young Russian land, in the rays of the rising sun. The bells are ringing. We are on the ancient Kyiv land. Kyiv was called “the mother of Russian cities” at that time. The first stone church in Rus' was called Desyatinnaya. Why do you think one of the first churches in Kyiv was called Tithe: 10 stones in the foundation, 10 doors, 10 windows, 10th part of the income for maintenance?

Answers. The prince gave a tenth of his income for the maintenance of the church.

Teacher. To make it easier for you to delve into the topic and feel the breath of the era, listen to historical information about the time of the reign of Vladimir the Red Sun, when the first immortal monuments of ancient Russian architecture were created.

GuideI. Historical information. The student presents a prepared advanced task about the personality of Prince Vladimir the Red Sun and his cultural activities. The prince begins large construction in Kyiv. He builds powerful fortress walls around it. The main entrance gates to the city are called Golden and Silver. The basis of the prince’s activities was the desire to create a powerful state that could compete with Europe and claim primacy. He laid out the ideological basis, created an ideological justification for the succession of princely power, and introduced Christianity in the Byzantine version. Under him, the construction of temples in Rus' began. The main goal is to establish the strength and power of the new center of the Russian land.

Problematic question. Could art remain the same? What ideas should it affirm?

Student answers. Glorification of power, strength and power, the greatness of power.

Teacher. Let's hear how it happened. Who continued Vladimir’s work of beautifying the Russian land?

GuideII. Historical information.

The student presents a prepared advanced task about the activities of Yaroslav the Wise. The performance is accompanied by a visual display of architectural views. In 1037, the prince built the main temple of his state - the Cathedral of St. Sophia of Kyiv. In The Tale of Bygone Years the author writes: “After all, his father plowed and softened his land, that is, enlightened him through baptism. This one sowed the hearts of believers with bookish words. And we reap by accepting book teaching.”

Teacher. Write down the name of the new temple in your notebook. Let's see if the prince coped with the task. How should the new council talk about this? (Showing reproductions, compare with Sophia of Constantinople).

Student answers.

Teacher. Yaroslav the Wise erected the main temple in honor of the Wisdom of God - St. Sophia, which has its own characteristics. It increases in size, growing in length and width by adding support pillars. Area - 1300 sq. meters, the height of the dome is 30 meters. Composition, rhythm of volumes, gathering towards the center. A stepped pyramidal composition topped with 13 chapters is formed. Where does this number come from?

Answers. They express different opinions, someone is sure to remember a damn dozen.

Teacher. Everything in the temple is symbolic, even the number of domes. Deciphered as 12+1=Christ with 12 apostles. By the way, the Church of the Tithes had 25 chapters. The temple is being built by Russian craftsmen under the guidance of Byzantine architects. The temple was built from rose plinths- wide and flat fired brick, which enhances the decorative and picturesque effect. Light from the windows in the drum illuminates the space under the dome. Sermons were preached and ceremonies were performed under the main dome. Upstairs, in the choir, the prince appeared with his retinue. The image of Christ Pantocrator reigned in the dome, in the piers there were lines of saints, and in the central apse there was an image of the Mother of God with her hands raised up - Oranta. Who does it remind you of?

Student answers. Pagan Makosh - protector of the hearth.

Teacher. This is how pagan and Orthodox traditions coexist in art. The people of Kiev loved her and believed that the Mother of God would protect them from misfortunes. They nicknamed it "The Unbreakable Wall."

Painting of this period is represented quite widely in mosaics, frescoes, and icons. It was monumental painting associated with architecture, and icons. The temple was richly decorated. The walls sparkled with gold mosaics. It was real art: pieces of glass - smalt - were placed at different angles, when a ray of sun hit them, it was reflected and fell on the next one. The whole image sparkled and shimmered. Mosaics from the Cathedral of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery ("Eucharist", "Dmitry of Thessaloniki") have survived to this day. In addition to the “shimmering painting”, the temple was decorated frescoes. Images of Yaroslav's family have been preserved, and the imagination of Russian craftsmen has been shown in the side towers. They placed images that did not correspond to church canons. These were scenes from social life, hunting, images of mummers, etc. From the frescoes you can find out what the princes did in their leisure time - they loved music, singing, hunting, buffoon games.

On the walls were placed icons. It was here that the famous Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir XII century. - “the eternal song of motherhood,” as I. Grabar called it, which came to Rus' from Byzantium. " St. George" embodied the ideal of a defender of the Fatherland. The favorite subjects of icon painting were the life of Mary, events from the life of Christ and the saints. In the stern faces, in the large dark eyes, one can sense an intense inner life, conviction in one’s faith, and a readiness to sacrifice in its name. This stern painting embodies the moral ideal of our people, their strength and perseverance in the face of trials.

Russian artistic craft famous all over the world. Exquisite jewelry and genuine masterpieces are created by Kyiv jewelers. What methods of making jewelry were known to ancient Russian craftsmen?

Let's look at the table.

Craftsmen not only made jewelry, but also made frames for icons and church utensils (illustrations shown). Consider the ornaments, establish their connection with pagan motifs.

Teacher. What happened in the rest of Rus'?

GuideIII. Historical information.

At the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th centuries. Cross-domed churches began to be built throughout Rus'. They were built by Russian craftsmen from local materials and taking into account local traditions. In 1052, Sophia of Novgorod was built in Novgorod, later - St. Nicholas Cathedral, St. George's Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery, in Chernigov the Spaso-Preobrazhensky (30s of the 11th century, in the image of the Tithe Church) and Boris and Gleb Cathedrals were erected. Similar cathedrals were erected in Vyshgorod, Peryaslavl, and Smolensk. Thus, various art schools emerged in Rus', united by common features. Political and economic difficulties did not allow the princes to build huge city cathedrals like St. Sophia of Kyiv or Novgorod. In the 12th century, single-domed, 4-pillar churches grew up in all Russian principalities, containing a vivid artistic image.

Questions to reinforce the material.

What have we learned about the architecture of St. Sophia of Kyiv?

under which prince was it built: Vladimir, Yaroslav, Vsevolod, Andrei Bogolyubsky;

what does the number of chapters mean: the devil’s dozen, Christ with his disciples, the age of the prince, the number of builders;

What do the images tell us? (about the life of princes)

type of image of the Mother of God in the cathedral: Eleusa, Oranta, Hodegetria, Sign;

its name by the people of Kiev: Unbreakable Wall, Burning Bush, Almighty.

Teacher. List the distinctive features of the temple.

Answers.

multi-headedness

pyramidality

grows upward - the principle of hierarchy

rhythm of volumes - gathering towards the center

proportionality - a sense of harmony

Teacher. What artistic image does this temple contain?

Answers. Students select words to define. Bring them to the concept of “glorifying power and greatness,” “feeling the grace of God.”

Teacher. What feelings does it evoke?

Answers. Beauty.

IV. Results and conclusions on the topic of the lesson

Rus' is the heir to Byzantine traditions.

Russian masters creatively reworked the Byzantine system and filled it with new content.

Artists created a special man-made world.

Pagan traditions will constantly “repeat” in Russian art.

Art created by unknown artists.

Architecture is a leading art form that expresses the ideas of its time.

High level of construction equipment.

The architecture serves as a symbol of glorifying the power of the prince and reflects beauty in harmony with the natural world.

With one building system - cross-dome - temples receive different figurative embodiment and content.

The main principle is beauty.

It enters our lives, becomes part of it and is connected with modernity.

Old Russian culture is part of the spiritual culture of humanity.

So, in the art of the X-XII centuries. The Russian people immortalized their youth and love for their native land. Old Russian art is a great creation of its time. It is unique, like the era that gave birth to this art. And it enters into the spiritual culture of modern man as a certain stage in the artistic development of our people, as living evidence of its creative power at the dawn of national history.

V. Grading.

VI. Homework. Create a crossword puzzle with new terms.

Culture is a set of material and spiritual values ​​created by man in the process of his social and historical labor practice. The culture of Kievan Rus is the totality of all material and spiritual values ​​accumulated in the process of development of Russian principalities from the birth of the state in the 10th century until the 13th century inclusive.

Paganism: the consciousness of the people, peasant life, literature, painting Geographical location: openness to other cultures, cultural and everyday assimilation Christianity and Byzantium: first a role model, then assimilation and processing Factors that influenced the formation of culture

Writing Manuscripts on parchment: Ostromir Gospel of 1057, Collections of Svyatoslav 1073 and 1076. etc. Graffiti: inscription about the death of Yaroslav the Wise on the wall of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv Epigraphy: inscription on the Tmutarakan stone Birch bark letters: notes scratched with scribals on pieces of birch bark

LITERATURE Sermons and teachings: “The Sermon on Law and Grace” by Hilarion (1049), “Instructions” by Vladimir Monomakh (1117), etc. Lives of saints: “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, “The Life of Theodosius” by Nestor Heroic epic : “The Lay of Igor’s Host” (after 1187) Chronicles: “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor (1113) Journalism: “The Lay” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 13th century)

Kyiv. St. Sophia Cathedral year.

Basic techniques: Icon is an easel work made on boards with oil paints. Mosaic - creating an image from pieces of colored malta (opaque glass), minerals, marble Fresco - painting on wet plaster with water paints Painting Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God XII century XII century

Grain Grain: a pattern consisting of many tiny balls - grains - was soldered onto the product. Filigree: Filigree: an ornament or design was applied with thin gold or silver wire, which was also soldered onto a metal surface. Cloisonne enamel: Cloisonne enamel: the spaces between the partitions were filled with multi-colored enamel;

Folklore is a set of customs, rituals, songs and other phenomena of folk art. Bylina is an epic song covering the historical events of centuries. The leading place among the epics is occupied by heroic ones - glorifying heroes - defenders of the homeland, fatherland, endowed with love for their people - Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich N.N. Karazin. Feast at Prince Vladimir's

Slide 2

• The basis of ancient Russian culture was the heritage of the Eastern Slavs.
• Old Russian culture absorbed the cultural achievements of the peoples living in Rus' and surrounding it.
• Byzantium had a great influence on Russian culture, especially after the adoption of Christianity.
• When creating their creations, ancient Russian masters did not blindly imitate their Byzantine teachers. They sought to reflect in them the thoughts and aspirations of the Russian people.

Features of the culture of Ancient Rus' IX-XII centuries.

Slide 3

V. Vasnetsov

• Vladimir's baptism
• Baptism of Rus'. 988

Slide 4

Baptism of Kiev residents in the Dnieper

Slide 5

The need to adopt a new religion is explained by:

The impossibility of reforming the old religion, since the pantheon of pagan gods did not lead to the unity of the cult, separated parts of the country.

Paganism did not express state unity, did not explain the validity of the dominance of princely power and the feudal elite, and did not have the idea of ​​reconciliation with the existing order.

• Catholicism
• Orthodoxy
• Islam
• Judaism

Reasons for choosing Orthodoxy:

• The socio-political structure of Byzantium, close to Rus'
• The spread of Christianity in Rus' to Prince Vladimir
• Deification of princely power in Orthodoxy
• Lush, majestic decoration of temples and beautiful services

Slide 6

• Strengthening the unity of the country and the central government
• The elimination of separatism of individual lands and the formation of all-Russian self-awareness
• Development of feudal relations
• Growing international prestige
• Development of culture (writing, icon painting, frescoes, stone architecture, schools)

The meaning of accepting Christianity

Prince Vladimir

Slide 7

Highlights of the Baptism of Rus'

Slide 8

• Cyril and Methodius
• Writing of Ancient Rus'

Slide 9

Glagolitic and Cyrillic

Slide 10

• Chronicler at work
• Nestor the Chronicler, reconstruction by anthropologists
• Birch bark letter

Slide 11

Literature of Ancient Rus'

• Sermons and teachings: “The Sermon on Law and Grace” by Hilarion (1049), “Teaching” by Vladimir Monomakh (1117), etc.
• Heroic epic: “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (after 1187)
• Journalism: “The Word” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 13th century)
• Lives of Saints: “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, “The Life of Theodosius” by Nestor
• Chronicles: “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor (1113)
• From the XI-XII centuries. 80 books have reached us, 7 of which have an exact date of writing. The oldest of them was rewritten in 1056-1057. for the Novgorod mayor, the so-called "Ostromir Gospel".

Slide 12

Bylinas are poetic tales of the past, in which the exploits of Russian heroes were glorified.

Ilya Muromets

Dobrynya Nikitich

Alyosha Popovich

Mikula Selyaninovich

Key ideas:

Liberating your land

Protecting the Russian land from enemies

Folk oral creativity

Slide 13

• Architecture of Ancient Rus'
• Kyiv in the 10th century Reconstruction

Slide 14

One of the few monuments of defense architecture of Kievan Rus during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. The Golden Gate is a fortress tower with a wide (up to 7.5 m) passage. Powerful pilasters protrude into the passage, on which the arches of the vault rested. The height of the surviving walls reaches 9.5 meters. The gate was made of stone. They were built using the mixed masonry technique: layers of stones were interspersed with leveling rows of plinth.

Golden Gate. Kyiv 1037

The Gate is crowned by the Gate Church of the Annunciation, so that every traveler approaching Kyiv can see that this is a Christian city. During restoration work, the gate church was recreated as a four-pillar, single-domed church with apses recessed into the thickness of the wall, which do not protrude from the overall volume of the facade. Brick ornaments, characteristic of the art of that period, were used as architectural decoration.

On the field side in front of the gate there was a ditch 15 meters wide and 8 meters deep.

Slide 15

Tithe Church in Kyiv 989-996.

Slide 16

• St. Sophia Cathedral was built according to the Byzantine model.
• The plan of the temple was based on a cross formed by the main and side naves.
• The central dome was surrounded by four medium domes located just below, behind which stood eight small ones even lower. Thus, the single-domed Byzantine temple was transformed into a multi-domed pyramid.

St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 1017-1037.

Yaroslav the Wise

Slide 17

St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Modern look

Slide 18

Hagia Sophia

• Mosaic - a picture of glassy pebbles (smalt) pressed into damp plaster
• John Chrysostom. Mosaic of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
• Adrian is a saint. Fresco of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

Slide 19

Fresco – a painting painted with water paints on wet plaster

Hagia Sophia

Slide 20

The main Orthodox church of Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050.

Sophia of Novgorod was built mainly from stone, and only the arches of the portals and window openings were made of brick, and the vaults in the interior were partly made of stone, partly of brick